Effects of Gastric Bypass Surgery Research Paper

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Updated: Mar 13th, 2024

Bariatric Surgery also known as gastric bypass a common surgery

Bariatric Surgery is a group of common surgeries which are directed towards weight loss within an individual. One of the most popular Bariatric surgeries is known as gastric bypass surgery. Also known as Roux-en-Y, gastric bypass surgery essentially closes off a part of the stomach and bypasses the intestine effectively creating a smaller receptacle for ingested items. This is done by placing a confinement band around the stomach. This form of surgery is recommended for morbidly obese individuals and has been recommended by the U.S National Institutes of Health for those individuals with a minimum Body Mass Index of 40 and for those with a Body Mass Index of 35 with additional conditions such as diabetes (Collazo-Clavell, Clark, McAlpine, & Jensen, 2006). This article will focus on the psychological effects before and after gastric bypass surgery as well as providing statistics regarding patient’s psychological states.

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Due to the increasing number of these surgical procedures being conducted in the United States and around the world it has become essential that certain guidelines be followed in order to achieve optimal patient outcomes. These criteria are also essential in order to ensure that there are no problematic results and that patients can adjust to the lifestyle changes before and after surgery. In 1991, the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Panel cited four criteria for consideration of this surgery. One of these is mentioned above in terms of Body Mass Index, the second is failure of non-surgical weight loss efforts, the third is absence of medical and psychological contradictions and the final one is a patient who is well informed, enthusiastic and compliant. There are of course also surgical considerations which must be taken into account to avoid any untoward results. These results may cause complications before or may worsen the patient’s condition after surgery (Collazo-Clavell, Clark, McAlpine & Jensen, 2006).

Surgical considerations for gastric bypass

There are few conditions which specify that a candidate may not be suitable for gastric bypass surgery. Two of the most notable conditions for exclusion may be advanced liver disease with portal hypertension or a psychological or mental disorder which prevents the patient from understanding the procedure involved. Unstable Coronary Artery Disease or uncontrolled severe obstructive sleep apnea as well age may also be a factor but they are not an absolute contradiction unless coupled with other pre-existing medical conditions. Many of the contradictions given above may be treated to reduce risks to acceptable levels; however surgeries with conditions such as cancer have a poor prognosis (Collazo-Clavell, Clark, McAlpine, & Jensen, 2006).

The level of prevalence of psychiatric disorders within the DSM IV criteria such as depression, obsessive compulsive disorder; eating disorder, etc are quite high (Kalarchian & et al., 2007). A study conducted found that 88% of program which conducts gastric bypass surgery require the patient to undergo some form of psychological testing. Among the contradictions that these programs cite as being the most common among patients include illegal drug use, active symptoms of schizophrenia, severe mental retardation and lack of knowledge (Bauchowitz & et al., 2005).

Studies which have considered the outcome of this surgery have shown improvements with the quality of life of morbidly obese individuals. Gastric bypass surgery has shown itself to be a viable obesity treatment with great success. A study considering the outcomes of 131 morbidly obese patients undergoing and not undergoing bariatric surgery provided their somatic and psychological assessment over a period of four and a half years. The results found that both sets of individuals underwent a decrease in their Body Mass Index. The loss of weight was 11.5% in patients with no surgery and varied among patients who had undertaken the surgery from 36 to 52.8%. Both sets of patients showed a significant improvement regarding their depression and their binge eating disorders. While three quarters of individuals who took surgery and two thirds of individuals who did not rated their psychological and psycho social well being as being good (Buddeberg-Fischer & et al., 2006). Another study which considered the same factors as above including social relations and employment opportunities for the same type of individuals found that the surgeries lead to an improvement in their quality of life. They found that after the surgery symptoms such as psychiatric comorbidity, predominantly affective disorders, and psychopathologic symptoms decreased. Other effects they found were that most of the individuals who did not experience a better quality of life were those who initially suffered from an extreme form of psychiatric illness (Herpertz, Kielmann, Wolf, Langkafel, Senf & Hebebrand, 2003). Yet another study which considered co-existing medical conditions within these individuals such as diabetes, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea showed that they had a marked improvement in their condition after surgery or the conditions were resolved altogether (Buchwald & et al., 2004).

It can be seen from the results of these studies then those gastric bypass surgeries and other weight loss surgeries in general can provide an improvement for the quality of life of individuals who are morbidly obese. However, it should be noted that the only individuals for whom these surgeries have the most beneficial effect are those who comply with the criterion set for the surgeries and are motivated to make a palpable change in their lives.

Reference List

Buddeberg-Fischer B, Klaghofer, R., Krug, L., Buddeberg, C., Müller, M.K., Schoeb, O., Weber, M. & et al. (2006). Physical and psychosocial outcome in morbidly obese patients with and without bariatric surgery: a 4 1/2-year follow-up. Journal of Obesity Surgery Volume 16 Issue 3 , 321-30.

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Bauchowitz, A. U., Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Olbrisch, M.-E., Azarbad, L., Ryee, M.-Y., Woodson, M. & et al. (2005). Psychosocial Evaluation of Bariatric Surgery Candidates: A Survey of Present Practices. Psychosomatic Medicine Issue 67 , 825-832.

Buchwald, H., Avidor, Y., Braunwald, E., Jensen, M. D., Pories, W., Fahrbach, K. & et al. (2004). Bariatric Surgery A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. The Journal of the American Medical Association Volume 292 Issue 14 , 1724-1737.

Collazo-Clavell, M. L., Clark, M. M., McAlpine, D. E. & Jensen, M. D. (2006). Assessment and Preparation of Patients for Bariatric Surgery. Mayo Clinic Proceedings Vol 81 Issue 10 , S11-S17.

Herpertz, S., Kielmann, R., Wolf, A. M., Langkafel, M., Senf, W. & Hebebrand, J. (2003). Does obesity surgery improve psychosocial functioning? A systematic review. International Journal of Obesity Issue 27 , 1300–1314.

Kalarchian, M. A., Marcus, M. D., Levine, M. D., Courcoulas, A. P., Pilkonis, P. A., Ringham, R. M. & et al. (2007). Psychiatric Disorders Among Bariatric Surgery Candidates: Relationship to Obesity and Functional Health Status. American Journal of Psychiatry Issue 164 , 328-334.

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