Evolution: Gene Variations Among Different Species Research Paper

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As per the data, the analysis of Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1 gene), Hemopexin (HPX gene), Amyloid beta precursor protein-binding (APBB1gene), and Beta globin (HBB gene) using two evolutionary models and three phylogenic trees has indicated that humans and chimpanzees are closely related. On the other hand, Norway rats have been found to be genetically distant from humans and chimpanzees. Coming to further observation of the analysis, it can be seen that there are certain positive and negative aspects pertaining to data analysis.

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Positive Aspects

  1. The use of the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) technique for gene collection is appropriate, as it helps in finding areas of local resemblance between gene sequences (Basic 1). Consequently, it can be used to deduce evolutionary relationships between sequences (Basic, p. 1).
  2. Sequencing through MEGA has been widely accepted as a useful tool to estimate distance for nucleotide and amino acid sequences (Tamura et al, p. 103).
  3. Jukes-cantor model and Kimura two-parameter model used for the analysis are standard models used for observing nucleotide substitutions (Xiong, p. 138).
  4. Use of two models, phenetic and cladistic, in the form of UPGMA, NJ, and maximum parsimony adds value to the analysis, as both the distance-based and character-based methods are employed (Methods, p. 1).

Points to be Considered

  1. The data has largely relied on maximum parsimony that does not provide much information about branch length (Methods, p. 1).
  2. Unlike the Kimura 2-parameter, the Jukes-cantor model does not consider transitional and transversional substitution rates (Tamura et al. 105&106). Accordingly, its interpretations of data may vary particularly with respect to Kimura’s model of the MP tree of HPX.
  3. Information on the reliability of the phylogenic tree should have been provided using MEGA tests such as bootstrap and interior branch tests (Tamura, p. 139).
  4. There is no mention of the common ancestral species from which the others under examination might have evolved (Good Visualization, p. 1).
  5. Reasons for different results with different trees in the analysis of the HBB gene using the jukes-cantor model have not been explained with respect to possible focus on compression of sequences and the influence of the applied model.

Conclusion

The analysis depicts that standard methods have been used to examine gene variations among different species. However, the reliability of the data might have increased with the possible inclusion of above stated additional points and clarification with regards to differences among various models and trees for an apparently similar set of variations in sequences.

Works Cited

  1. “.” National Center for Biotechnology Information. 2008. Web.
  2. “” www.cs.ubc.ca. 2005. Web.
  3. “Methods for constructing phylogenetic tree.” www.darwin.nmsu.edu. 2005.
  4. Tamura, Koichiro, Joel Dudley, Masatoshi Nei, and Sudhir Kumar. “.” Center of Evolutionary Functional Genomics: Arizona State University. 2008. Web.
  5. Xiong, Jin. Essential Bioinformatics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
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IvyPanda. (2021) 'Evolution: Gene Variations Among Different Species'. 18 October.

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IvyPanda. 2021. "Evolution: Gene Variations Among Different Species." October 18, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/evolution-gene-variations-among-different-species/.

1. IvyPanda. "Evolution: Gene Variations Among Different Species." October 18, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/evolution-gene-variations-among-different-species/.


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IvyPanda. "Evolution: Gene Variations Among Different Species." October 18, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/evolution-gene-variations-among-different-species/.

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