Human Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants Essay (Critical Writing)

Exclusively available on IvyPanda Available only on IvyPanda

Literature Review and Data Exploration

The problem of human trafficking (HT) of immigrants has been in existence for a sizeable portion of time. The problem of human trafficking is linked directly to illegal immigrants (II), making them especially vulnerable to the specified threat. According to the recent data, 2,000 criminals arranging human trafficking were apprehended in the United States in 2016.1 The identified problem affects the U.S. community extensively. Apart from causing immigrants to experience the continuous threat to their lives, freedom, and well-being, it disturbs the very fabric of the society, making a large portion of its population vulnerable to the threat of being subjected to forced labor or exploited sexually.2 The former phenomenon implies being kept in devastating conditions, not being paid, and being deprived of the basic human rights that are guaranteed to the specified population by law. In the latter scenario, sexual abuse is added to the issues listed above. While sexual exploitation affects primarily women, male II also face the identified threat.

We will write a custom essay on your topic a custom Critical Writing on Human Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants
808 writers online

The phenomenon of HT has been explored extensively and has several definitions, yet the one suggested by the United States Department of Justice seems to be the most capacious. According to the organization, HT is the “crime that involves exploiting a person for labor, services, or commercial sex.”3 Although the specified definition provides only a shortlist of the types II exploitation, it provides a concise yet comprehensive description of the situation that II have to face when being subjected to HT.

Although the problem of HT among II has not gained enough public attention so far, it has been reaching enormous proportions lately. For instance, a recent police report shows that HT affects II extensively, including not only adults but also children and teenagers.4 Particularly, a vehicle transporting 25 II for further HT operations was located, and 25 II were detained at the police station.5 According to the report, “’These victims were being transported through a human smuggling operation, where they would be forced into debt bondage,’ Anderson said. ‘This type of trafficking is an example of modern day slavery, where unreasonable working conditions exist.’”6 The specified case proves that the problem of HT of II remains a complex issue that needs close attention and improved detecting and preventing measures.

The phenomenon of illegal immigration, in turn, also requires closer scrutiny as the subject of the analysis. According to the Internal Revenue Service, and II, also referred to as an undocumented alien, is a person who “entered the United States illegally without the proper authorization and documents, or who entered the United States legally and has since violated the terms of his or her visa or overstayed the time limit.”7 Therefore, an II is typically viewed from a combination of the economic and legal perspectives, thus contributing to the generation of an image that presents an II as a person that breaks the law. On the one hand, the specified perspective is quite legitimate given the presence of rigid immigration laws in the U.S.; however, on the other hand, the identified definition complicates the process of fighting HT of II. Although the legal aspect of illegal immigration is not to be ignored, one must not deprive II of their essential rights.

At this point, the issue of victimization needs to be addressed. The current attitude toward immigrants, in general, and illegal migrants, in particular, creates a setting that encourages the vulnerable groups to develop specific behaviors that make them an easy target for criminals dealing with HT. It should be mentioned that the issue of victimization is a rather controversial topic since it may lead to blaming the victim.8 In the situation under analysis, victimization purports that behaving in a certain way may cause an illegal migrant to become the victim of a crime, thus transferring responsibility to the vulnerable group. The identified phenomenon is particularly problematic when it comes to sex trafficking of II and especially women.

Therefore, the concept of victimization needs to be seen as a phenomenon that is caused by criminals dealing with human trafficking and used to intimidate the vulnerable demographic.9 If considering the social and cultural impediments to the management of HT of II in the U.S., one will have to point to the fact that most II prefer not to complain to legal authorities about being subjected to HT even when their lives are threatened.10 The observed phenomenon indicates that the social perception of II contributes to the development of the attitudes toward II that leads to a rise in victimization levels. People perceive II not as a vulnerable demographic but as a part of the problem, thus causing the target population to develop the behaviors that complicate the process of preventing and addressing the instances of HT in the U.S.

Therefore, from the perspective of victimology, it is crucial to approach the problem from the standpoint of assistance for victims as opposed to transferring the responsibility for HT to them. The identified approach allows creating organizations that manage the needs of illegal migrants and provide help to those that have been affected by HT or face the threat associated with it. In addition, studies show that the lack of awareness combined with the absence of proper language skills and the presence of strong far of legal repercussions make II a very easy target for HT criminals.11 Recent research indicates that II refuses to contact authorities because of the fear of legal consequences that the specified step will cause.12 Particularly, the threat of being separated from their families, being entirely neglected, and being seen solely as a criminal and trespasser are the primary factors that keep II from disclosing their problems to police officials.13

1 hour!
The minimum time our certified writers need to deliver a 100% original paper

Therefore, there is a strong need in reconsidering the current legal framework for managing the needs of the specified demographic. II should be seen not as an imminent threat to state security but as a very vulnerable group that is prone to be affected by HT. As a result, a coherent framework for managing the needs of the specified population will be identified. In addition, centers for providing legal, financial, and medical assistance to illegal migrants, thus guarding them against HT, have to be created. Put differently, an interdisciplinary team that would manage different aspects of the program aimed at eradicating HT of II will be required. Thus, one will be capable of managing the problem gradually and eliminating HT within the specified group completely.

Field Work Interview: Questions and Answers

To evaluate the extent of the problem, one will need to consider conducting a field interview with a representative of the Human Trafficking Center (HTC). Thus, one will develop an in-depth understanding of the problem and the factors that contribute to its unceasing growth. Therefore, the goals of the interview include determining the factors that affect HT of II in the U.S. and locating possible solutions to the existing problem. The representative has shed some light on the issue of HT of II, pointing to the current lack of an efficient legal framework for managing the needs of II. Combined with the present-day social perspective that tends to cause a rise in the levels of II victimization, the specified situation can be described as rather alarming. An in-depth analysis of the interview with the HTC representative will allow determining the cause of the problem, identify the available solutions, and select the one that can be deemed as the most appropriate in the context of the present-day crisis.

Table 1. Field Interview.

QuestionResponse
  1. Is human trafficking of immigrants currently a problem in the U.S.?
Yes, unfortunately, the specified issue remains a huge problem for the U.S.
The issue is exacerbated by the lack of language skills among the specified group. Thus, even when being provided with an opportunity to contact legal authorities that can assist, II often hesitate since they doubt their ability to communicate their problem.

In addition, the fact that the state authorities can neither monitor nor control II creates scenarios in which identifying the cases of HT among the specified demographic becomes extraordinarily difficult.

  1. What are the most common causes of immigrant human trafficking?
To answer this question, one needs to consider the nature of illegal migration and the reasons thereof first. II migrate to the U.S. in search of a better life or in an attempt to improve their financial state. They face the risk of being apprehended by officials and deported from the country, which is why the idea of accepting a job offer that comes from an untrustworthy source does not seem unacceptable. Therefore, the fear of legal repercussions, the lack of state support, and the absence of legitimate job offerings can be seen as the key reasons for II to fall prey to human traffickers.14Being under the false assumption that by complaining they would only make the situation worse, II continues to suffer from HT and refrain from contacting the state authorities, especially the police.
  1. How often do victims seek support from HTC?
Unfortunately, due to the fear of legal persecution and the repercussions to which II are subjected, most of the target population prefers to conceal any personal information, including the emotional and physical abuse that they experience. HTC does everything in its power to spread awareness and promote openness among II, yet the specified demographic still prefers to silence their issues.
  1. What legal measures are taken to prevent HT?
There have been several anti-trafficking regulations that have improved the situation slightly, yet most of them require updates. For example, there are the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000.15It empowers state officials to provide assistance and protection to II who are the victims of abuse and HT. However, the specified measure fails miserably in addressing the current situation. While it outlines the HT problem in the U.S., it also frames the American environment as a viable market for HT by pointing out the shortcomings of the current migration regulations.
One might argue that the changes made to the regulation in 2013 may have improved the situation slightly. Although the 2013 alterations have affected the image of II to a certain extent, they also fail to address the core of the HT problem.
The recent changes made to II laws by the Trump administration have not improved the situation, either. On the one hand, there is the addition to the existing law on HT, which addresses the problem of online HT. The specified change is admittedly important since human traffickers use modern media extensively to bypass the law and deceive II.
  1. Why are these measures inefficient, in your opinion?
This question circles back to the initial regulation and the alterations that Trump’s administration has made to it. The 2000 Act suggested administering change by introducing the so-called 3Ps of managing II’s needs: protection, prosecution, and prevention.16The amendment that Trump has made to the specified regulation does nothing to reinforce the 3Ps system’s efficacy.17Instead, it makes II even less visible than they currently are by denying HT victims the right to access the rest of the services if they choose not to use the digital ones. The current approach lacks the insight and understanding of II’s needs since it denies these people the basic human rights to which they are entitled by law.
  1. What would you suggest to address the problem of HT among II?
Addressing the current policy toward handling the II issue seems to be the most legitimate step to take. At present, the reinforcement of the 3P policy and the promotion of transparency in managing the needs of the vulnerable population is required. The current law regarding the deportation of II who ask for protection against HT must be repealed to encourage II to seek help.
However, much more difficult work is required on a social level. Due to the shift in the political course and priorities of the U.S., II are currently viewed as not only aliens but also a threat to the well-being of its citizens.18The specified moods affect the overall attitude toward II. People lose their empathy when considering the cases of HT among II, and the latter are dehumanized by society. Therefore, a vast social change is needed.
Therefore, my advice would be to create a team of experts that will cooperate on an interdisciplinary level. The problem of HT of II in the U.S. needs to be approached from multiple perspectives, including socioeconomic, sociocultural, political, and technological ones. Put differently, a variety of resources for enhancing communication with II, improving the current legal system, changing the social perception of II, and introducing healthcare and support centers for II are needed.
  1. How does victimization factor into the problem of managing HT of II?
Victimization certainly plays a part in the current situation. When II refuse to complain about poor treatment, appalling working conditions, or downright abuse of their rights, they follow the behavior models that society has created for them. The current concept of an illegal alien bears negative connotations, which perpetuates the perceptions that most American citizens develop toward II. In addition, the treatment of II as dangerous offenders leads to the lack of empathy within the society toward the specified group even given the hardships that II has to face in the HT context.19As a result, II encounters a drastic lack of support, whereas human traffickers enjoy impunity. Overall, the current situation is rather drastic, which is why a set of rigid measures is required. An interdisciplinary team with a focus on redefining some of the current policies, shaping social attitudes toward II, and creating the conditions in which HT would become impossible is needed.

Critical Analysis and Recommendations

The interview has shown that the current HT situation in the U.S. requires a significant change. According to the information presented by the interviewee, the current problem of HT among II has to be approached from several perspectives, including the legal, political, economic, social, and cultural ones. Put differently, to improve the current situation with HT of II, one will need to alter the social perception of II and shape the current legal standards of managing HT cases. For this purpose, an interdisciplinary team that can produce a collaborative effort in increasing awareness among general audiences and authorities, as well as promoting II education and altering the current legal system, will be required.

However, these are not only the loopholes in the current legal system that make HT an actual threat for II. In addition to the specified concerns, one should also pay closer attention to the current perception of II and the factors that have contributed to the development of the specified perception. The evolution of the image of an II for an average American citizen has been quite impressive, with the current concept of an II representing a combination of a threat to national security and damage to the economic well-being of American citizens.20 For instance, a recent analysis of the alterations to which the image of an II has been subjected in the minds of Americans over the past few decades shows that illegal immigration is seen as “worse than most crimes.”21 Therefore, it is strongly recommended to address the inconsistency within the current legal principles aimed at managing the II issue. The specified alterations should incorporate not only the measures aimed at establishing new regulations but also the steps necessary for amending the 2000 act. Particularly, the principles of the 3Ps must be enhanced.

The process of building awareness will be threefold, the first part thereof being focused on providing information to American citizens, the second one requiring the transfer of data to the state authorities, and the third one implying conveying the essential information to II. While each of the specified steps is fraught with its own set of difficulties, it is the third that poses the greatest challenge to the successful management of change. As stressed above, II is easily controlled by human traffickers due to II’s insufficient language skills and increasing fear. The former is a particularly difficult obstacle to overcome since, without the language skills, II cannot receive the information that will help them either avoid being affected by HT or contact authorities if they already have been influenced by HT.22

Similarly, II have to be made aware of the resources that are available to them as the victims of HT. The specified task circles back to the problem of the lack of education among II and the language issues. Having poor English speaking skills, victims often are unable to attract the attention of legal; authorities and the failed attempts exacerbate their situation. Coupled with financial constraints, particularly, the presence of debts associated with immigration, the language issues block an II’s way to asking for assistance from the government. Therefore, language limitations need to be addressed by creating a support system that will involve the services of an interpreter and counselors that speak the victims’ language. One might argue that the specified scenario is practically impossible to implement due to the multiple cultural backgrounds to which the victims of HT may belong. However, with the help of the latest technological innovations that make the process of translation from one language into another easier, the specified issue can hypothetically be addressed. At present, creating a support center where assistance can be provided in English, Spanish, Arab, several European languages, and a Slavic one will be needed. The specified choice is based on the current profile of II in the U.S., which shows that most of the II come from Europe, Mexico, and South and East Asia.23

Remember! This is just a sample
You can get your custom paper by one of our expert writers

When considering the societal change and the promotion of an improved image of the vulnerable demographic as the key to evoking sympathy in citizens toward II, one should consider the very use of legal terms as one of the root problems. A negative connotation is encoded in the very essence of the term “illegal immigrant,” making American citizens and especially state officials treat the target population as criminals and statistical data first instead of viewing them as human beings. Therefore, while the specified step might not seem irrelevant or essential to the fight against HT among II, the term “illegal immigrant” needs to be changed into a more neutral concept. Although seemingly irrelevant, the alteration mentioned above will lead to the change in the public image of II, thus making people more sympathetic toward II’s plight.

Healthcare providers (HCP) should also be invited to participate in the management of the current HT problem. Although they cannot aver the process of HT, their role in the multidisciplinary team of experts for managing HT is critical since they can provide support to the victims that have been rescued from HT.24 Specifically, physicians as part of the HP team will conduct the assessment of the victims’ health and determine the therapy and medications required for the recovery. Nurses will be put in charge of promoting patient education, whereas therapists will support the survivors of HT and abuse by performing the prescribed interventions and therapy.25 As Lo and Chambers explain,

Healthcare providers need better education and training in identifying and treating victims of human trafficking […]. Trafficking victims have many unique health challenges, such as frequent sexually transmitted infections, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, multiple unintended pregnancies and complications of abortions, physical trauma, and other undiagnosed or undertreated medical conditions.26

Therefore, when considering the strategy for addressing HT as the problem that affects II in the U.S., one must focus on creating an interdisciplinary team that will help address the core of the issue, enhance the process of assisting II, and create the platform for their future recovery. Put differently, the management of II’s needs will require collaboration between legal forces, social services, healthcare organizations, and American citizens. The goal in question is beyond challenging since the American nation can be described as highly divided nowadays due to political tensions and the culture clash observed within the society. The creation of a multidisciplinary team will also allow handling the issue from several perspectives, thus ensuring the provision of the 3P framework mentioned above.

Summary

The current situation with HT among II in the U.S. setting needs to be approached from a multidisciplinary perspective due to the presence of factors associated with legal constraints, financial concerns, and sociocultural factors preventing the management of the victims’ needs. The lack of awareness among all parties involved can be seen as the primary area of concern, which means that the existing framework of data management must be altered significantly.

In addition, cross-cultural issues have to be addressed respectively. Due to the political and societal changes that have been occurring within the U.S. recently, the image of an II has been shifted toward an explicitly negative notion, thus making the current attitude among Americans toward II rather unsympathetic. To promote a change in the social justice system and the current image of an II in the public eye, one will have to introduce a profound basis for a public redress, particularly, the introduction of empathy into the present-day image of an II.

The issue of legal victimization is another aspect that needs to be rendered when designing a program for aiding II as potential victims of HT. While the change in the public image of an II and the trends in social justice are crucial for creating the platform for assisting the vulnerable groups, the reconsideration of the existing legal framework is a nonetheless important stage of handling the issue. Despite the attempts at improving immigration laws in 2000 and the creation of an act that would ostensibly protect the rights of II, the latter remain extraordinarily vulnerable. In retrospect, the 2000 act failed to provide the protection that II requires.

It would be wrong to consider the 2000 Act a complete failure in defending the rights of II. As a platform for establishing crucial concepts for the paradigm of assisting II, it serves its purpose and even introduces three crucial notions of managing II’s needs. Particularly, protection, prosecution, and prevention deserve to be listed among the foundational aspects of a new and improved framework for eradicating HT of II from American society. The specified notions drive the audience’s attention to the aspects that need to be managed, such as the rise in the criminal activity among human traffickers, the sense of impunity that they have developed recently due to the lack of efficacy of the existing legal regulations, and the creation of a safe environment for II. The latter includes both the people that have already been affected by HT and those that are under the threat of being subjected to it. However, the proposed policy has failed to deliver any substantial results due to the absence of sociocultural and socioeconomic perspectives. By relying solely on the legal aspect of the issue, the offered approach has quickly become outdated.

We will write
a custom essay
specifically for you
Get your first paper with
15% OFF

The crucial data about the desperate state of II in the U.S. also has to be made available to the state officials to enhance the measures aimed at addressing HT. For the reasons of fear mentioned above, II tend not to disclose the information about HT to which they are subjected, which makes arresting criminals excruciatingly difficult. Due to the lack of evidence, cases can rarely be opened against the people that engage actively in HT and should be deemed as responsible for it. As a result, criminals operate with impunity, feeling completely immune to the current U.S. legal system. The specified problem does not imply that any unsubstantiated accusations should suffice for an arrest. However, the specified phenomenon does mean that II requires greater protection against HT and that the instances of HT allegations must be scrutinized closely to detect possible infringements upon the human rights of II.

Therefore, there is a strong need in incorporating economic and cultural perspectives into the framework, at the same time supporting it with technological advances that enhance the communication between the target demographic and the social support services. The changes listed above are critical for understanding the factors that affect II and make them vulnerable to human traffickers. Specifically, the economic setting in which II lived in their country of origin should be seen as the formative aspect of their behaviors in the U.S. economic environment. Because of high poverty rates in their country of origin and the lack of understanding of the American economic system, II is most likely to be affected by significant financial difficulties.

Finally, the issue of literacy has to be listed among the essential factors that contribute to the rise in HT rates. As a rule, II have a very vague idea of their rights and responsibilities in the American environment. The absence of proper language skills also complicates the process of communication between II and the American community. The specified issues have an especially profound effect on II when they become affected by HT. Even when starting to seek assistance from the American community and the U.S. legal system, II faces significant challenges due to language barriers and the absence of information concerning the location of respective services.

Therefore, the alterations required for a drop in the levels of HT among II in the U.S. also involve a change in the communication framework. Hotlines for quick access to the support services that will be able to send immediate help are required. Specifically, a combination of traditional communication tools and innovative IT approaches will have to be utilized. For instance, phone hotlines will be required as a crucial component of the assistance program. At the same time, a functioning site and a smartphone application for providing information about possible HT instances the whereabouts of victims, and other relevant information will have to be designed. The combination of several approaches toward data management will allow improving the current situation and tracking down the instances of HT of II adequately.

Furthermore, opportunities for disseminating the specified data among II have to be explored. Because of the unwillingness to disclose their location and presence in the U.S., II deprives them of the opportunity to learn about the support system that they can use in case of need. Thus, the specified data has to be made available to the target demographic with the help of all possible mass media from TV public announcements to online media. As a result, II will be given a chance to escape the clutches of human traffickers. The specified measure must be introduced after the legislation concerning the treatment of II is altered to create a more favorable environment for II to seek assistance from the U.S. government. Therefore, the legal changes must be the first step toward improving the situation, after which the education program for both II and American citizens should be launched. The former will receive the information about the available services for helping II that face the threat of HT. The latter, in turn, will be provided with the information that will change their attitude toward II. As a result, a gradual improvement is expected.

In addition, the improved system for managing the needs of II on a legal level should focus on assistance rather than punishment. Fear as the key restraining factor that prevents II from seeking help must be removed from the environment in which II experiencing HT currently exist. Thus, the foundation for managing the problem will be provided. The existing legal standards lack the flexibility that could allow II to seek assistance from state officials and legal authorities. When facing the dangers of HT, II view both their offenders and the legal bodies as the source of threat, the former affecting their security, while the latter embodying the fear of prosecution and the associated punishments such as deportation. Therefore, to address the problem of HT as the factor affecting II in the U.S., the current legal system needs to be shaped significantly. Particularly, it has to focus on assistance rather than punishment of II, even if the identified II latter have not been affected by HT directly yet.

The inclusion of the cultural aspect into the management of the HT issue as the threat to II’s well-being should also be brought up to the attention of the U.S. state officials. Specifically, the language barrier as the most common problem preventing II from seeking help from U.S. organizations has to be handled respectively. Language services that will allow translating the information for II to learn and use to protect themselves from HT have to be incorporated into the current framework.

Moreover, the significance of therapy for the victims of HT that have been rescued should not be forgotten. Instead of making the mistake of deporting these people immediately, one has to provide the victims of HT with the necessary therapy. At this point, the importance of a multicultural approach should be mentioned. The process of assisting an II who has been subjected to HT should include the services of an interpreter, who will translate the crucial information and include the cultural perspective that will help healthcare practitioners and psychologists to adjust the selected treatment framework to the needs of the target demographic.

Thus, the process of managing II’s needs and preventing HT should become a collaborative effort, where a multidisciplinary team of experts will offer the target demographic legal, medical, and social assistance. Furthermore, II needs to be supported by American citizens, who have to recognize the vulnerable demographic in question as people in dire conditions. As a result, the problem of HT in the II community will be addressed and, possibly, even eradicated. Although the current approach also implies overcoming numerous obstacles, it still provides a better alternative due to the focus on communication.

Bibliography

Bulman, May. The Independent, Web.

Cunningham, Katherine C., and Lisa DeMarni Cromer. “Attitudes about Human Trafficking: Individual Differences Related to Belief and Victim Blame.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 2 (2016): 228-244.

Department of Homeland Security. Department of Homeland Security, Web.

Gray, Brittany. “Exploring Impacts of Administrative Discretion on Human Trafficking Victims.” SPNHA Review 13, vol. 1 (2017): 29-51.

Huisman, Wim, and Edward R. Kleemans. “The Challenges of Fighting Sex Trafficking in the Legalized Prostitution Market of the Netherlands.” Crime, Law and Social Change 61, no. 2 (2014): 215-228.

Internal Revenue Service, “Immigration Terms and Definitions Involving Aliens,” IRS, Web.

Kar, Saibal, and Hamid Beladi. “A Model of Smuggling and Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants with a Host Country Policy.” Review of Development Economics 21, no. 3 (2017): 698-712.

Lo, Vincent, and Ronald Chambers. “Human Trafficking and the Role of Physicians.” Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health 3, no. 3 (2016): 1084-1087.

The Guardian, Web.

Roth, Kenneth. “America Treats Illegal Immigration Worse than Most Crimes. Why?” Washington Post, Web.

“State Police Rescue 25 Immigrants, Including 2 Children, from Human Trafficking Operation,” WGNO, Web.

The United States Department of Justice, , n.d., Web.

U.S. Department of State/ U.S. Department of State, Web.

U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.Department of Homeland Security, 2017, Web.

Weitzer, Ronald. “New Directions in Research on Human Trafficking.” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 653, no. 1 (2014): 6-24.

Footnotes

  1. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, “ICE Arrests Nearly 2,000 Human Traffickers in 2016, Identifies over 400 Victims across the US,” Department of Homeland Security, 2017, Web.
  2. Ronald Weitzer,”New Directions in Research on Human Trafficking,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 653, no. 1 (2014): 8.
  3. The United States Department of Justice, Human Trafficking, n.d., Web.
  4. “State Police Rescue 25 Immigrants, Including 2 Children, from Human Trafficking Operation,” WGNO, Web.
  5. Ibid.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Internal Revenue Service, “Immigration Terms and Definitions Involving Aliens,” IRS, Web.
  8. Katherine C. Cunningham, and Lisa DeMarni Cromer, “Attitudes about Human Trafficking: Individual Differences Related to Belief and Victim Blame,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 2 (2016): 231
  9. Ibid., 233.
  10. Internal Revenue Service, “Immigration Terms and Definitions Involving Aliens.”
  11. Ronald Weitzer, “New Directions in Research,” 19.
  12. Wim Huisman, and Edward R. Kleemans, “The Challenges of Fighting Sex Trafficking in the Legalized Prostitution Market of the Netherlands,” Crime, Law and Social Change 61, no. 2 (2014): 218.
  13. Saibal Kar, and Hamid Beladi, “A Model of Smuggling and Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants with a Host Country Policy,” Review of Development Economics 21, no. 3 (2017): 701.
  14. Brittany Gray, “Exploring Impacts of Administrative Discretion on Human Trafficking Victims,” SPNHA Review 13, vol. 1 (2017): 32.
  15. U.S. Department of State, “Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000,” U.S. Department of State, Web.
  16. Ibid.
  17. “Outcry as Trump restricts funding for sex-trafficking survivors,” The Guardian, Web.
  18. Ibid.
  19. Katherine C. Cunningham, and Lisa DeMarni Cromer, “Attitudes about Human Trafficking: Individual Differences Related to Belief and Victim Blame,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 2 (2016): 231.
  20. Ibid., 233.
  21. Kenneth Roth, “America Treats Illegal Immigration Worse than Most Crimes. Why?,” Washington Post, Web.
  22. Katherine C. Cunningham, and Lisa DeMarni Cromer, “Attitudes about Human Trafficking: Individual Differences Related to Belief and Victim Blame,” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 2 (2016): 233.
  23. Department of Homeland Security, “Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2014,” Department of Homeland Security, Web.
  24. May Bulman, “Human Trafficking Cases Hit Record High amid ‘Worrying’ Decline in Conviction Rates,” The Independent, Web.
  25. Ibid.
  26. Vincent Lo and Ronald Chambers, “Human Trafficking and the Role of Physicians,” Journal of Family Medicine and Community Health 3, no. 3 (2016): 1085.
Print
Need an custom research paper on Human Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants written from scratch by a professional specifically for you?
808 writers online
Cite This paper
Select a referencing style:

Reference

IvyPanda. (2021, June 30). Human Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants. https://ivypanda.com/essays/human-trafficking-of-illegal-immigrants/

Work Cited

"Human Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants." IvyPanda, 30 June 2021, ivypanda.com/essays/human-trafficking-of-illegal-immigrants/.

References

IvyPanda. (2021) 'Human Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants'. 30 June.

References

IvyPanda. 2021. "Human Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants." June 30, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/human-trafficking-of-illegal-immigrants/.

1. IvyPanda. "Human Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants." June 30, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/human-trafficking-of-illegal-immigrants/.


Bibliography


IvyPanda. "Human Trafficking of Illegal Immigrants." June 30, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/human-trafficking-of-illegal-immigrants/.

Powered by CiteTotal, bibliography maker
If you are the copyright owner of this paper and no longer wish to have your work published on IvyPanda. Request the removal
More related papers
Cite
Print
1 / 1