Executive Summary
The purpose of this report is to evaluate the eight principles that are used to assess the code of conduct of corporate bodies based on the Global Business Standards Codex (GBS Codex). These eight principles include the fiduciary principle, which deals with diligence and loyalty, the property principle, which addresses the code of conduct when it comes to matters such as theft and protection of property. The reliability principle, which deals with a commitment to an organization. The transparency principle, which covers full disclosure and honesty during job performance, the dignity principle (Health and Safety), the fairness principle, the citizenship principle, and the responsiveness principle. The report will seek to evaluate each of the eight principles in detail and also how they can be implemented in selected newspaper articles from New Zealand. The principles will be implemented with regards to whether the articles reflect ethical or unethical behavior. Suggestions and recommendations on how to improve media ethics will then be offered as finalization to the report.
Introduction
Codes of ethics are important for all corporate bodies as they allow them to govern their standards of conduct when performing business operations and activities. Codes of ethics refer to the principles that are developed or established by an organization based on its mission, goals, and objectives to ensure its business activities do not contravene its ethical practices. Codes of conduct, on the other hand, refer to the organizational practices and principles meant to influence the behavior of employees when performing their work duties. Codes of conduct establish the procedures that should be used in the event employees or employers find themselves in certain ethical situations (Ferrell et al. 2008).
The Global Business Standards Codex (GBS Codex) provides useful guidelines for most employers and employees on how they should conduct themselves when performing business activities. The original developers of the GBS Codex did not want the codes to be a model for conduct within organizations, but they wanted to provide organizations with benchmarks which they would use to develop their own codes of conduct. Paine et al. (2005), who were the developers of the GBS Codex, developed the codes after an extensive study of five well-known global codes of conduct that were used by various international organizations around the world. The researchers examined the principles that underlined the codes of conduct so as to determine whether they had any similarities (Carroll and Buchholtz 2009). From their research, Paine et al. (2005) were able to identify eight principles that adequately represented the worldwide ethical standards, which they thought best exemplified ethical practices of employees within organizations. These principles, according to Paine et al. (2005), would be important for organizational managers when it came to assessing their current codes of conduct for effectiveness and also when developing new codes of conduct that would be used to govern the operations of the business.
Evaluation and Assessment of the GBS Codex
This evaluation will be related to newspaper articles from New Zealand newspapers where various articles will be assessed based on whether they reflect ethical or unethical behavior based on the GBS codex. The following newspaper articles will be assessed based on whether they demonstrate ethical or unethical practices in the New Zealand Media.
New Zealand Herald, Cries of ‘utu’ as Vanessa Pickering’s murderer sentenced by Jarrod Booker.
The killer of Vanessa Pickering, Malcolm George Chaston, is sentenced after killing the 27-year-old a year ago in the Christchurch area of New Zealand. Miss Pickering was reported missing from her Christchurch home in February last year after she was kidnapped by Chaston, whom she knew from her place of work. Two days after her disappearance, Chaston was arrested after he was found driving Ms. Pickering’s car in Cheviot. The body of the victim was discovered with stab wounds down a hillside in Godley Head on February 11. According to the news story, Chaston has a violent past, and he has been accused of attacking and killing two women before murdering Vanessa Pickering (Booker 2011) (a).
The story is unethical because it demonstrates how the police in New Zealand had failed to convict Chaston for the murders of the two women. It also demonstrates how Chaston, the killer is unethically unsound because he portrays the behavior as a social deviant. The most relevant principle for this story is the fiduciary principle with regards to how the Christchurch police officers have failed to perform their duty of diligently protecting the security and safety of the citizens of this small town in New Zealand. The story is also relevant to the transparent principle where there is a transparent synopsis of Chaston’s previous crimes, as well as how the prison authorities fear that the suspect will continue committing his crimes in the event he is granted parole or probation. Chaston, who has recurrent criminal behavior that could lead to more deaths in the future, deserves to be sentenced, as observed by most of the people who attended his court sentencing.
The Solomon Star News, Shut up or Ship Out: DPP lashed out at Mr. Alfred Sasako.
The story follows how the Director of Public Prosecution in New Zealand, Mr. Talasasa, has issued a warning to Mr. Alfred Sasako, a freelance reporter who wrote about a hit and run accident that occurred in 2006 within the Honiara region. The DPP accuses Mr. Sasako of misleading the general public with incomplete sets of information he gathered regarding the accident, which inevitably forced the DPP to drop the case. Mr. Sasako, on the other hand, defends his investigation of the accident by stating that he collected all the facts of the case and that there was sufficient evidence to condemn an expatriate who escaped prosecution and punishment for the hit and run accident that occurred along Kukum Highway (Solomon Star News 2010).
This story reflects unethical behavior on the part of the DPP, where he lashes out at Mr. Sasako for trying to reveal the truth about the hit and run accident to the public. The principles of the GBS codex that are relevant to the story include the responsiveness principle the freelance reporter has dealt with the legitimate claims and concerns of the victim and victim’s family who were obviously traumatized by accident. The transparency principle is relevant to this story because it demonstrates how the DPP is unethical in trying to hinder investigations into the accident. The DPP has also failed to respond to the security concerns of the residents of the Honiara area, who were also affected by the hit and run accident. The story is also unethical because the DPP has not observed the fair treatment principle of news reporters and journalists who are trying to get to the truth.
Scoop Independent News, Cook Islands: media ethics and codes of conduct.
The story highlights media ethics in running certain stories by focusing on a story highlighted by the Solomon Star, where they decided to name the source of a controversial intelligence report run by the newspaper. The source of the intelligence report was revealed by the press secretary to the Prime Minister, Danny Philip. The newspaper had refused to run the article containing the intelligence report by stating that it lacked any legitimate foundations and news coverage into the report’s allegations. The newspaper article run by the Solomon Star lacked any evidence, and there were questions as to who wrote the intelligence report. The newspaper story highlighted run by the Solomon Star demonstrates the lack of transparency and reliability to the running of the story, which means that the story did not observe the reliability and transparency principle that requires the honest and truthful distribution of news content. The story is, therefore, an example of poor unethical conduct by the media when running newspaper stories (Scoop Independent News 2011) (a).
Vanuatu Times, Vanuatu Tragedy.
The story follows the death of a child who dies from an injury incurred from an unsecured timber yard premises. The child, who has been identified as Kaloran, died within the timber yard under unclear circumstances and events. What he was doing in the timber yard has also not been specified, which raises a lot of concerns about the safety of children in the Vanuatu area. The story represents unethical behavior on the part of the timber yard owners who failed to secure their premises from any unauthorized entry by strangers, be they children or grown adults. The story is also unethical because the child went unsupervised to a place that is considered to pose a high level of risk to people who are not acquainted with the operations of a timber yard (Scoop Independent News 2011) (b). The relevant GBS codex principle story is the fiduciary principle, which requires people to act in a diligent and loyal manner so as to safeguard the safety and well-being of the Vanuatu community. The story is also relevant to the transparency principle, where the circumstances of the child’s death have not been relayed in a truthful and honest manner (Paine et al. 2005).
New Zealand Herald, the Real row over writer’s fake Aborigine comments by Kathy Marks.
The newspaper story carries an article of the racist comments and outbursts made by the Herald’s Sun columnist Andrew Bolt towards members of the Aborigine community in Australia. The matter has been taken to court, where the accused columnist has been charged with committing racial vilification on members of a protected community. The story highlights the aspect of media ethics where newspapers and columnists have failed to engage in the dignified portrayal of members from minority groups. It portrays unethical behavior on the part of Mr. Bolt because of his racist remarks directed towards one of the most important indigenous communities of Australia. It demonstrates the short-sightedness of Mr. Bolt’s comments, which should not have been aired to the public through the news article (Marks 2011). The GBS codex that is relevant to the story includes those of property where Mr. Bolt fails to respect the rights of the Aborigine community in Australia as the original inhabitants of the country, thereby failing to protect their basic rights to freedom. The reliability principle is also relevant to the story because Mr. Bolt fails to honor his commitment as a reporter and columnist for the Herald, where he is required to observe media ethics in the course of performing his duties.
New Zealand Herald, Little- noticed bill a threat to freedoms.
The article addresses the search and surveillance bill that is meant to remove the civil liberties that are enjoyed by the media fraternity when relaying important news to their audiences. The bill requires that any person with the knowledge of fraud or organized crime should present this information to the police, failure to which they will be termed as accomplices to the crime. The bill also stipulates that police officers will have the power to demand from innocent victims any materials that might be related to criminal offenses. The surveillance bill gives authority to the police and other law enforcement agencies to force media houses to reveal their confidential sources of information (New Zealand Herald 2010). The bill is unethical because it will require the citizens of the New Zealand community to step forward in the event they have knowledge of criminals within the society. They will not, however, be able to access witness protection programs, which might, in the end, defeat the purpose of the bill. The GBS codex that is relevant to the story is the responsiveness principle, where the bill does not address the concerns of the New Zealand community. The citizenship principle is also relevant to the bill because it does not address aspects of law and regulation once the criminals have been apprehended, and it does not offer any provisions for the safeguarding public goods from any forms of bribery and corruption, cooperating with authorities when it comes to revealing wrongdoers in the society and supporting the civic contribution of the various members of the society (Paine et al. 2005).
TV New Zealand, Plumbers, shocked by minister’s ignorance.
The story covers the reaction of plumbers to New Zealand’s building Minister Maurice Williamson’s ignorance with regards to leaking pipes in the country. The story addresses the issue of how the minister has been ignorant about the plumbing situation in the country and how he is ignorant of the building codes of the country. The article portrays the minister as being ignorant to the issues raised by the plumbers where he failed to return phone calls sent by the newspaper (TV New Zealand 2011). The plumbers fail to observe the principle of dignity, which requires the respect of an individual’s right to privacy with regards to certain issues. While highlighting the fact that the minister was unaware of the leaking problem, the plumbers fail to accord the proper dignity to the minister when reporting talking about the leakages. The plumbers’ actions can be termed as where they insult the minister’s intelligence.
New Zealand Herald, Christchurch Earthquake: Dead bodies lying around.
The story follows how dead bodies have been discovered in the Christchurch area after a 6.3 magnitude earthquake hit the area in New Zealand early in the year. The story is ethical as it responds to the needs and concerns of the community members experiencing the aftermath of the earthquake, which, while rummaging their ruined homes, came across the dead bodies. It calls on the local authorities in the Christchurch area to respond to the situation of the dead bodies to prevent the occurrence of any diseases or illnesses. Addressing the existence of dead bodies is relevant to the dignity principle of the GBS codex, which requires for the health and safety of all individual members of the society as well as safeguarding the interests of the community members of Christchurch (New Zealand Herald 2011) (a). It is also relevant to the responsive principle of the GBS codex because it addresses the concerns of the affected victims of the earthquake in Christchurch who have become overwhelmed by the number of dead bodies in the small town of New Zealand.
New Zealand Herald, Home detention for the man who fondled breasts.
The story highlights a Papamoa man, Owen James, who is suspected of fondling the breasts of women who visited his acupuncture clinic. The suspect was charged with indecent assault early this year in January after a lawsuit filed by three of his clients was presented in court (New Zealand Herald 2011) (b). James’ actions are unethical because they border on the sexual exploitation of the victims who visited his acupuncture clinic for treatment. The GBS codex principle that is relevant to this case is the dignity principle, which requires people to respect an individual’s human rights as well as respect their privacy and dignity. James did not observe the dignity principle when he fondled the women’s breasts, which can be seen to be an invasion of privacy as well as indecent assault of another human being’s body parts.
New Zealand Herald, Girl’s nose broken in cinema bashing by Morgan Tait.
This involves the vicious attack of 12 to 13-year-old students from Reading Intermediate School by a dozen teens along Heretaunga Street after they were from watching a movie at the Reading Cinema. One girl suffered a broken nose, while others received severe bodily injuries that resulted from the physical attack by the teenage youths. The story talks about the assault of the 12-year-old children by the group of teens and the reactions of their parents and the Hastings intermediate school towards the attacks. The actions of the teenagers are unethical behavior because they assault innocent twelve and thirteen-year-olds who did no wrong. The most relevant GBS codex principle with regards to this story is the fairness principle, which calls for the fair treatment of the various members of the society without exhibiting any discriminative behavior. The children who were attacked represented part of the Reading community, and most of its members were upset that such an assault could occur on a Sunday afternoon in their locale. The assault further demonstrated the lack of morals on the part of the teenagers (Tait 2011).
New Zealand Herald, Burning car may hold clues to Dunedin murder.
A burning car discovered in the western suburbs of Dunedin might hold vital clues to the brutal murder of an unidentified man. The story portrays the fiduciary principle of the GBS codex as the police officers in the Dunedin area are utilizing all their resources to provide a link between the burning car and the murder. The fiduciary principle is also relevant because of the incorporation of police reports to identify the exact location of the car, which was found at the place of residence of the two people suspected to have killed the man. The police officers have properly utilized the sources at their disposal to bring to book the murderers. The fiduciary principle requires that a company’s staff should exercise due diligence and loyalty when carrying out the company’s business. The police officers are able to demonstrate diligence and loyalty when exemplifying the amount of effort being put in to solve the murder and the case of the burning car (New Zealand Herald 2011) (c). This article, therefore, demonstrates good ethical behavior on the part of the police.
The Dominion Post, Girls’ eggs taken as a safeguard.
This story is positively ethical because it highlights how parents are willing to have the eggs of their female children frozen so as to give them an opportunity to have their own children when they are older. The story demonstrates how female children with cancer can be able to conceive once they complete their chemotherapy treatment, thereby guaranteeing them the opportunity of being parents at a later date (Dominion Post 2011). This article reflects the fiduciary principle where the parents of these female children are using every asset at their disposal to guarantee their girl children’s families when they are older and have successfully completed their chemotherapy treatments. The article is therefore ethically sound because it considers the interests of these children at a later date (Paine et al. 2005).
Stuff New Zealand, Medical atrocities revealed.
The case story deals with shocking revelations of how doctors in the US are experimenting on disabled people as well as prison inmates within the country. Some of these experiments included infecting mental patients with Hepatitis B, cancer, the flu virus, and other harmful diseases. These are termed to be unethical practices as they contravene the basic human rights that such people are obligated to. The relevant GBS codex principles for this story include the dignity principle because there is no respect for the dignity and human rights of the mental patients and the prisoners. Their health and safety have not been addressed because they are exposed to conditions that place their health at risk (Stuff New Zealand 2011).
New Zealand Herald, PM hits at ‘shallow, error-prone’ media by Claire Trevett.
The Prime Minister of New Zealand, Helen Clark, gives a negative appraisal of the New Zealand media to be lacking in depth in this newspaper article. She terms the New Zealand Herald as lacking in fairness and equity when reporting about various stories. The prime minister identifies the newspaper’s coverage of the Electoral Finance Bill as a perfect example of unfair reporting where the New Zealand Herald carried stories that campaigned against the Electoral Finance Bill. The prime minister argued that the newspaper should demonstrate a balance when reporting various issues by ensuring that it maintained a neutral stand on the various topics it covered (Trevett 2007). The Herald, therefore, engaged in unethical behavior when it reported on the negative side of the Electoral Finance Bill, initiating a campaign that would reject the bill. It did not exercise the fairness principle of the GBS codex, which requires a company to engage in free and fair practices that are nondiscriminatory towards customers, employees, and the various publics of an organization (Paine et al. 2005). The story is therefore ethically sound because it portrays the lack of media ethics on the part of the New Zealand Herald.
New Zealand Herald, Why this voter will be returning to his roots by Garth George.
This news article written by columnist Garth George demonstrates the ethical standing of the Herald in its newspaper content, where the columnist praises the paper’s weekend edition for not covering political news. According to New Zealand laws, it is illegal for a newspaper to publish or broadcast any political content and material on Election Day. The columnist commends the good work that the Herald has done in providing important information that will be beneficial to the voters come election day in the country (George 2011). The story is relevant to the reliability principle, where it focuses on other national news apart from the New Zealand elections. The story is also relevant to the citizenship principle because it obeys the laws and regulations set out by the government with regards to reporting on political issues during Election Day. The story is therefore ethically sound, and it demonstrates media ethics when observing the laid down laws with regards to election reporting.
Migrant News, Diversity: Tur-banned by M. Fernandez.
The story focuses on the racial profiling and discrimination of Harminder Singh Mav, who was kicked out of a Qantas flight to Auckland because of the way he was dressed. Harminder, who is a member of the Sikh community in New Zealand, was kicked out of the airplane for fear that he was a terrorist with connections to a terrorist cell. This story demonstrates the kind of unethical behavior exhibited by the airline staff where they decided to kick him out of the plane because of his religious affiliations. Harminder’s story is relevant to the responsiveness principle of the GBS codex as it offers important commentaries on how members of minority or migrant communities should be treated by the rest of the society. The story is also relevant to the citizenship principle, which calls for safeguarding the rights of an individual without discriminating against them because of their racial background (Fernandez 2011).
Local matters, A rainbow of students shines over Stella Maris.
The story focuses on how students of Stella Maris Catholic Primary School have been able to participate in the World Autism Awareness Day. The story demonstrates how children are ethically involved in increasing the general awareness of the disease in Auckland’s northern region, where they are based. The story is ethically sound as it seeks to address a disease that has affected over one million children in the world, making it difficult for them to function properly as children. The story best exemplifies the citizenship principle of civic contribution by basically increasing awareness of the disorder in the Auckland community, thereby developing and increasing their social awareness. The story of the Stella Maris students on autism awareness is therefore ethically right for the Auckland community (Local Matters 2011).
New Zealand Herald, Another twist in baby Tegan murder case.
The story covers the 14-year-old Australian murder case of baby Tegan where a taxi driver has come forward claiming that the person suspected of killing the baby was in his cab the night the baby was found dead. The taxi driver’s actions are ethically right since he stepped forward with any information he might have to persecute the murderer of the baby. While the actions of the suspect, Keli Lane, are unethical, the taxi driver’s confession demonstrates his pursuit for justice for baby Tegan who was dumped in bushland by the suspect. The case of baby Tegan relates to the responsiveness principle where the taxi driver, as a member of the community, came forward to offer testimony on the killer of the child. The case is also relevant to the citizenship principle, where the driver cooperated with police officers and other state authorities to investigate the baby’s killing (New Zealand Herald 2011) (d).
Marlborough Express, Cow’s death upsets passengers by Sam Morton.
The story basically follows how Interislander passengers traveling in a bus that was on board a ferry witnessed the death of a cow on the top deck of a trailer as it was being ferried by its owner. The passengers saw the cow dying on the top deck of the trailer in the ferry, and they were deeply disturbed by this. The owner of the cow faces animal welfare charges, which according to the article, are used to punish transporters of livestock that are termed to be unwell or sickly. The responsiveness principle, as well as the fairness principles, are relevant to this story because they address the concerns of the passengers who were moved to report the actions of the cow’s owner to the appropriate authorities. Fairness follows that human beings, as well as animals, have the right to be treated in a just and fair manner without any form of discrimination. The story is ethical were the passengers, as well as animal welfare, took action against the cow’s owner (Morton 2011).
New Zealand Herald, Is Auckland bad for your kids? By Edward Rooney.
The city of Auckland is assessed with regards to whether it is a walkable city for its children. Walkability refers to the distance most children in Auckland have to cover to access recreational services such as schools, parks, shops, and other important facilities that exist within the Auckland community, which the story has highlighted is far. This story is ethical because the accessibility of children to the mentioned recreational parks has not been addressed by the planners of the city, thereby making it an uninhabitable area for parents with children. The responsiveness principle is relevant to this case story because the needs of children have not been addressed with regards to easy access to parks, schools, shopping centers, and playgrounds (Rooney 2011).
MTP Magazine, Truth versus Sensationalism by Valmai Owens.
This article addresses the aspect of media coverage of various news stories and whether it was done in an objective and honest way. The story positively reflects the GBS codex principles of transparency, fiduciary, reliability, dignity, and fairness, where it focuses on media ethics and how media houses should look for the truth and report it the way it is by ensuring that they minimize harm to the victims of the story. Newspaper agencies should act independently when providing media coverage to avoid any conflicts of interest with their audience or public. They should also be accountable for the news they publish in their newspapers by exposing any unethical practices by their journalists (Owens 2010). These aspects are basically addressed by the five GBS codex principles used to guide ethical conduct within corporations. The story is therefore ethically sound because it calls for better media ethics from news agencies and news reporters.
New Zealand, Mallard, playing a dangerous game on electric trains by Brian Rudman.
The debate on whether to authorize electric trains in the city of Auckland is complicated by New Zealand’s Labor MP Trevor Mallard, where the MP demands that the tender process should be withheld so that an investigation is conducted into the lobbying activities of Sammy Wong. The story reflects the ethical behavior of the MP, who brings to light the underhand dealings of Wong, which might affect the acquisition of the electric trains. This story is relevant to the transparency principle because it calls for the truthfulness of Mr. Wong’s activities, and it also requires the full disclosure of his activities. The MP’s exposure of shady dealings occurring in the Transport Ministry, which might affect the electric train acquisition, is most relevant to the citizenship principle where the MP has recognized the government’s obligation to safeguard the rights of the society at large (Rudman 2011).
New Zealand Herald, Something for bus drivers to note by Chloe Johnson.
This story is basically relevant to the citizenship and responsiveness principles of the GBS codes, where it addresses a major concern to the community members of the Auckland region of New Zealand. Bus drives are engaging in unethical conduct when they refuse to accept $20 dollars as fare from their passengers. Other bus drivers have even gone a step further to refuse their passengers from traveling if they request to pay their bus fare with the $20 dollar bill. The story points to how the bus drivers are unethical in their conduct and how passengers should fight for their rights to pay their fare with any denomination. The story is basically relevant to the fairness and responsiveness principles because it addresses the rights of consumers in the Auckland area who are calling for fair treatment from the area’s bus drivers. The responsiveness principle highlights the various concerns of the Auckland community members who have been subjected to rude behavior from bus drivers who have rejected the $20 dollar bill as payment for bus fare. The call for commuters to demand their rights to travel is ethically justifiable, and the story is, therefore, ethically sound (Johnson 2011).
New Zealand, Murderer’s remorse ‘too little, far too late’ by Jarrod Booker.
Malcolm Chaston, who killed Vanessa Pickering and two other female victims, is finally sentenced for his crimes. This story demonstrates the fairness principle, fiduciary and property principles because the court’s decision has focused on safeguarding the well being of the Christchurch citizens as well as the rest of New Zealand by convicting Chaston. The court utilized all its instruments and assets at its disposal to convict Chaston and is also considered the community’s apprehension and fear if the suspect was to be released into their society. The sentencing of Chaston is, therefore, ethical on the part of the court and state authorities, who strove to ensure that he was put behind bars (Booker 2011) (b).
Suggestions and Recommendations
News coverage requires the practice of integrity, truthfulness, honesty, neutrality, objectivity, and candidness to ensure that the news items published are reliable sources of information. To improve the practice of ethics in news coverage, newspaper agencies should ensure they incorporate all or part of the eight principles of the GBS codex to ensure that media ethics in covering news stories have been adhered to. This will ensure that any repercussions that might be brought about by a newspaper story are dealt with efficiently and effectively, minimizing any negative publicity that the newspaper agency might suffer as a result of the story. Recommendations in the practice of positive media ethics will involve exercising the reliability, transparency, dignity, and responsiveness principles to ensure the people covered in the story do not suffer any humiliation, embarrassment, or negative publicity because of being mentioned in a news story.
Conclusion
This study has dealt with the eight principles of the global business standard codes that are used by many International businesses in performing their operations. The report has examined and assessed various newspaper articles in relation to whether they have portrayed ethical or unethical behavior in their reporting activities. This examination has been done in conjunction with an evaluation of whether these stories are relevant to the eight principles of the GBS codex. The report has been able to identify the particular principles that are relevant to each newspaper article examined within this report.
References
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