Political Science Description and Explanation of Terms Essay

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John Locke

  • John Locke is a historic figure in American history due to his influence on political theory.
  • He also made significant influences on price theory.
  • His works also were focused on the society where he looks at the individuals as, “the self.”
  • Another major contribution that he made was on the issues related to money.
  • Finally he is remembered for the contributions he made towards wealth which has constantly been addresses as the limitation to accumulation.

His influence on political theory in American political history was based on social contract. He believed that the nature of the Humans was guided by reasoning and being tolerant. All the people within the natural state were equal and each individual had a right to life, liberty. Wealth and health. All this ideas eventually affected the formation of the United States constitution and also the Declaration of Independence. On the price theory he concentrated on the laws of supply and demand where he pleaded with the parliament to lower interest rates to raise value for money. He refers to supply as quantity and demand as rent. He argued that quantity of goods in the market depends on the rent of those goods. On the personality issues, he defines self as a substance that has some cognitive thinking and capable of being conscious in matters related to feelings such as pleasure, pain, happiness among others. His monetary thoughts bring out two functions of money as a measure of value and as a claim to goods. He also advocated for silver and gold as appropriate than the paper money. He advised the countries to seek favorable balance of trade to avoid loss. On the limits to accumulation, Locke says that property not in use is a waste. With the introduction of money he argues that there should be a limit to the accumulation of property (Hewett, p46).

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Reagan Revolution

  • The Reagan revolution refers to his presidency which is remembered for his domestic policy in the United States from 1981 to 1989.
  • He is also remembered for the strategies adopted towards the foreign policy.
  • Reagan’s reign is also portrayed as having a political philosophy that was optimistic of individualism, freedom and economic growth.
  • He made major contributions towards changing the U.S legislation.
  • The Reagan administration was faced with about five controversies during his reign that convicted it of crime.

The domestic policy of Ronald Reagan was characterized by very conservative rules regarding the economy. Reagan applied the supply side economic policies which included large reduction of taxes and increased spending in the defense. He believed in federalism, advocated for private sector investment and fought against drugs. His foreign policy had adopted a strategy of peace through strength. He developed peace relations with the Soviet Union and also ended the cold war in a peaceful manner. He also offered both financial and logistic support towards anti-communism besides military support to end the socialist governments. Reagan political policies were directed towards growing the economy in order to support the individuals’ reduced reliance on the government. He favored the cutting of tax and removing regulations for the corporations besides negotiating for treaties with other nations. Reagan also saw major legislations signed during his reign and they include the economic recovery Tax Act of 1981, Social Security Amendments of 1983, Tax reform Act of 1986 among others. His reign was challenged with five controversies with the Iran-contra affair as the most famous one. His administration was accused of defrauding the government. His administration had many loopholes which were directed to the tax policies (Lou, p27).

Thomas Jefferson

  • Thomas was an American philosopher who made contributions towards the U.S state legislations.
  • He also made a lot of influence on the assimilation and culture of the U.S.
  • He was the first president to make a policy towards the Native American.
  • Thomas is also remembered for his contribution in drafting the Declaration of independence.
  • His legacy also reflects on his involvement in public affairs after leaving the presidency.

After the breakout of the American Revolutionary war, Thomas was selected to draft the first draft of the U.S declaration. The approval of the declaration became a major fame to Thomas in 1776. In the same year, Jefferson made remarkable contributions in the drafting of legislation bills where he drafted 126 bills within three years. This included laws against primogeniture, freedom of religion and a just judicial system. Thomas advocated for the Native Americans to abandon their indigenous cultures, religion and also lifestyles and assimilate into one western European culture, Christianity and an agricultural lifestyle. He was the first president to articulate the idea of removing the Indians from the U.S through the Native American policy. After his presidency he was greatly involved in public affairs especially in matters related to higher institutions of learning. He educated many people and later founded the University of Virginia (Stephens, p17).

James Madison

  • Madison is one of the founding fathers of the U.S constitution.
  • He is also referred to as the author of the bill of rights.
  • His early political career as a lawyer is remembered for his role to defend the church.
  • He was greatly involved in writing the federalist papers.
  • During Hamilton’s reign, he was one of the major opponents of the federal government.

Madison took an initiative to defend the Baptist preachers who were arrested for operating without a license. By assisting in the drafting of the Virginia Statute for religious freedom, Madison managed to acquire constitutional religious rights. As the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation became clear, Madison advocated for the formation of a new constitution. He drafted the Virginia Plan which became the basis for the American constitution. Later, he got involved in writing the federalist papers in bid to see the ratification of the constitution. His appointment to the House of Representatives in 1797 saw about ten Madison proposals amended and they became bills. This bill of rights was not part of the constitution as he had always wished. During the reign of President Hamilton, Madison became known for his efforts to reduce the power of the federal government. He was opposed to Hamilton’s modern European type of government featuring a powerful executive, an army and bureaucracy (Henry, p45).

Alexander Hamilton

  • One of the greatest achievements of Alexander was the foundation of the U.S mint.
  • He also gave a lot of support to the manufacturing sector and industry.
  • His reign as a treasury secretary saw the emergence of political parties.
  • As a member of the cabinet Hamilton was always involved in formulating federal programs.
  • His legacy demonstrates his stand in economics and attitude towards slavery.

The United States mint was the first national bank in the U.S and it defined the various forms of revenue collection such as the duties, excises and tariffs. In his support of the manufacturing industry, Hamilton founded the Society for the Establishment of useful manufacturers. He had many extensive programs related to the manufacturing industry. Hamilton had many financial programs which were opposed by a group led by William Giles. The campaigns to gain support in this two groups saw the formation of the Federalist Party which was opposed by another political party which emerged as the Democratic – Republican Party. Through out his life in the cabinet, he formulated federal programs which he represented as reports. He was very aggressive in representing them in parliament and seeing their approval and implementation. He influenced the balance of powers within the constitution. Hamilton viewed slavery as a vice and he always spoke of the evils that it would bring to the Americans. During revolutionary wars he was determined to free slaves by arming them and compensating their masters. In economics he spoke in favor of business and opposed the British approach of free trade. He saw free trade as an extension of the British colonial powers (Harvey, p32)

Works cited

Adams Henry. History of the United States during the Administrations of James Madison. Greenwood Press, 2002

Cannon, Lou. President Reagan: The Role of a Lifetime. New York, McGraw Hill Press, 2000

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Caspar Hewett. John Locke’s Theory of Knowledge. Yale University Press, 1999

Flaumenhaft and Harvey. The Effective Republic: Administration and Constitution in the thought of Alexander Hamilton. Duke University Press, 1992.

Randall and Henry Stephens. The Life of Thomas Jefferson. Cambridge University Press, 2005

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IvyPanda. 2021. "Political Science Description and Explanation of Terms." December 7, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/political-science-description-and-explanation-of-terms/.

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