Introduction
Magic, shamanism, and divination can be easily confused with one another at first glance due to their similarities. However, upon reviewing the differences between these three occurrences more carefully, the distinction becomes clearer than ever. In their book, “The Supernatural and Natural Selection,” Palmer and Steadman provide the perspectives of scholars on these cases, as well as their own personal opinion on the matter.
Features
Shamanism
Firstly, shamanism involves a very influential person with a sound mind and high qualifications. They are believed to exhibit supernatural powers and may sometimes use ventriloquism or enter trance-like states for their deeds (Palmer & Steadman, 2008). Shamans are known for being selfless and of sound mind, as their occupation often entails making sacrifices and adhering to numerous restrictions. Sometimes, they may use hallucinogens; however, they still need to be of sound mind.
Magic and Divination
Magic is an occurrence that can be used as a means of communication and involves an individual’s belief in the power of the deed. It can convey a message regarding a person’s actions, such as severe disapproval. Meanwhile, divination is a set of actions that cannot be verified, depriving the doer of accountability if they are wrong. In water witching, the responsibility is on the rod.
Perspectives and Attitudes
Shamanism
Secondly, perspectives on the three occurrences varied from negativity and skepticism to attempts to explain why they have such strong support. Regarding shamanism, Harner viewed the use and experiences caused by hallucinogenic drugs as reinforcing beliefs in their supernatural experiences (Harner, 1973). On the one hand, their use is acknowledged in the practices. On the other hand, it does not appropriately approach the nature of shamanism.
Magic
One of the most influential perspectives on magic is Frazer’s Two Laws of Magic and the Sun Stone. According to it, the doer believes that they can create any effect by imitating it and that their actions affect the one who previously used it (Frazer, 1951). It is a widely held and respected opinion among scholars. However, these laws also feature some rather irrational contradictions.
Divination
Finally, in their study of water witching, Vogt and Hyman attempt to explain the belief in divination by stating that it helps farmers alleviate anxiety caused by their uncertain problems. At first glance, this opinion seems quite plausible and rational (Vogt & Hyman, 1959). However, in reality, it is naïve and can be disproven by the source itself, which is precisely what Steadman and Palmer do in their book.
Limitations of Perspectives
Thirdly, there are some issues with these perspectives, which Steadman and Palmer have also addressed. Regarding the first opinion, the authors stated that the performers continue partaking in traditional ways even when they are intoxicated. Meanwhile, they cite a source by Crapanzano and Garrison, which says that shamans still need to control themselves; otherwise, they will be banned from continuing their apprenticeship.
A skeptical approach to Frazer’s views exposes the logical flaws in his statements. Sorcerers were not actually noticed to avoid any interaction with the clothes of the person they intend to harm, to prevent a similar outcome from happening to them. Moreover, eating a picture of a fish would not satisfy a Nootka wizard, as it cannot serve as a substitute for a real one.
Upon reviewing Vogt and Hyman’s interpretation of divination through the example of water witching, Steadman and Palmer state that farmers are more focused on obtaining water, not gaining confidence, while utilizing their existing resources. Geologists are expensive, while diviners are significantly cheaper and are chosen based on their success rate; however, the clients of the latter do not necessarily believe in the implemented technique.
Conclusion
In conclusion, magic, shamanism, and divination have striking differences despite their similarity. Shamanism involves a responsible individual, while divination lacks accountability. Magic can often convey a particular attitude towards one’s actions. Shamans were wrongfully perceived as illogical, although they have self-control. According to Frazer, magicians believe they can create any effect through imitation. They do not perceive a picture of a fish as a substitute for it. Finally, divination was perceived as anxiety-relieving, while evidence shows that the people using it rely on pragmatic features.
References
Frazer, J. G. (1951). The golden bough: A study in magic and religion. Macmillan, US.
Harner, M. J. (1973). Hallucinogens and shamanism. New York, Oxford University Press.
Palmer, C. T., & Steadman, L. (2008). The supernatural and natural selection. ResearchGate.
Vogt, E. Z., & Hyman, R. (1959). Water witching U.S.A. University of Chicago Press.