Establishing Organ Systems Roles Essay

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Table of Contents

Endocrine System

Number	Name of the Organ or Part	Hormone(s) Produced or Secreted
1	Parathyroid gland	Parathyroid hormone (Gould, 2005).
2	Thyroid gland	Thyroxine and calcitonin.
3	Trachea	No hormone is secreted. It is a supporting structure.
4	Pineal gland	Secretes melatonin.
5	Hypothalamus	Produces ADH and oxytocin, regulatory hormones for the anterior pituitary. Produces and secretes TRH, dopamine, GHRH, somatostatin, and gonadotropin (Krumhardt &Alcamo, 2010).
6	Pituitary gland	The anterior lobe produces and secretes ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, and MSH. The posterior lobe secretes oxytocin and ADH.
7	Thyroid gland	Thyroxine, calcitonin.
8	Trachea	No hormone was secreted. It is a supporting structure.
9	Thymus	Thymosins.
10	Heart	Atrial natriuretic peptide, and brain natriuretic peptide.
11	Stomach	Ghrelin, gastrin, histamine, neuropeptide Y, and endothelin.
12	Kidney	Erythropoietin, renin, calcitriol.
13	Lung	No hormone secreted, supporting structure.
14	Liver	Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), angiotensinogen, thrombopoietin.
15	Adrenal glands	Medulla: epinephrine and norepinephrine. Cortex: glucocorticoids (cortisol), aldosterone, and testosterone.
16	Pancreas	Insulin, glucagon (Shaw, 2005).
17	Small intestine	Secretin and cholecystokinin.
18	Uterus	Prolactin and relaxin when pregnant.
19	Scrotum	No hormone secreted, supporting structure.
20	Testes	Androgens, testosterone.
21	Ovary	Estrogens and progesterone.

Number	Name of the Structure	Major Function
1	Carotid arteries	Delivers blood to the head and brain.
2	Jugular veins	Carries blood from head to heart.
3	Superior vena cava	Carries blood from the upper body back to the heart.
4	Pulmonary veins	Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (Clark, 2005).
5	Aorta	Delivers blood to the body tissue.
6	Pulmonary arteries	Delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.
7	Coronary arteries	Delivers blood to the heart muscle cells.
8	Inferior vena cava	Carries blood from the lower body back to the heart (Clark, 2005).
9	Renal vein	Carries blood from the kidneys to the lungs.
10	Iliac vein	Delivers blood from the pelvic organs and abdominal wall into the heart.
11	Radial vein	Carries blood from the hands to the heart.
12	Renal artery	Delivers blood to the kidney.
13	Iliac artery	Delivers blood to the pelvic organs and abdominal wall.
14	Radial artery	Delivers blood to the hands.
15	Femoral vein	Transports blood from the thigh and inner knee to the heart (Clark, 2005).
16	Femoral artery	Delivers blood from the thigh and the inner knees to the heart.

Number	Name of the Organ or Structure	Major Function
1	Sinuses	Cavities in the skull lighten the head. They also warm and moisten the air.
2	Nasal cavity	Produces mucus, filters, warms, and moistens the air. It also serves olfactory purposes (sensing smell).
3	Pharynx	Passageway for air and food
4	Epiglottis	Covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent the entry of food.
5	Larynx	Air passageway that prevents food and drinks from entering the lower respiratory system. The larynx also produces voice.
6	Lungs	Contain alveoli and air passageways and allows the substitution of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.
7	Trachea	Connects the larynx with the bronchi leading to the lungs and conducts air to and from the bronchi.
8	Bronchi	These are the two branches of the trachea that direct air from the trachea to the lungs.
9	Bronchioles	Narrow passageways to conduct air from bronchi to alveoli.
10	Alveoli	These are microscopic chambers for gaseous exchange.
11	Intercostal muscles	They move the ribs during the process of breathing.
12	Diaphragm	Muscle sheet between the chest and abdominal cavities. It plays a role in breathing.

Clark, R. K. (2005). Anatomy and physiology: Understanding the human body. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.

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Gould, F. (2005). Anatomy and physiology for holistic therapists. United Kingdom: Nelson and Thornes Ltd.

Krumhardt, B. I., & Alcamo, E. (2010). E-Z anatomy and physiology. Hauppauge, New York: Barron’s Educational Series Inc.

Shaw, L. (2005). Anatomy and physiology. United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes Ltd.

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