Issues and Challenges from a 21st Century Learning Perspective Research Paper

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1. Title	English curriculum reform in the Philippines: Issues and challenges from a 21st century learning perspective.
Author(s)	Barrot, J.
Date of Publication	2018
Topic	The article is devoted to the problems faced by students and teachers when changing schedules. The issues are considered through the prism of the influence of the schedule on the educational process and preparation for lessons.
Theories	In the 21st century, new problems have arisen in the preparation, compilation, coordination and approval of the schedule of learning sessions. The researchers suggest that the success of the educational process depends on their solution.
Research Question	What issues arise when drawing up a curriculum? How does the resolution of these challenges affect the educational process? How to rationally organize the curriculum, avoiding potential problems? How to solve problems in case of their occurrence?
Methodology	Ball’s policy cycle was used as a methodology. It is three-component, so not only the process of developing the schedule was taken into account, but also its placement and practical use.
Results	Three factors have been identified that influence the occurrence of difficulties when changing the curriculum. These are the specificity of the curriculum for a specific subject and class, its consistency, as well as compliance with the principles of teaching.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	This article will help identify problems that may be encountered when implementing a curriculum change plan. For example, by applying the article, it will be possible to estimate the gap that occurs in the event of a program change.

2. Title	Integrated content, language, and literacy instruction in a Canadian French immersion context: A professional development journey.
Author(s)	Cammarata, L., & Haley, C.
Date of Publication	2018
Topic	This article is devoted to the improvement of programs for the study of foreign languages. Various solutions to the problem are proposed, such as targeted intervention in professional development and changing the curriculum plan.
Theories	One of the leading didactic principles that should be used when compiling a curriculum plan is the principle of integration. A strong interdisciplinary connection will allow students to form a holistic linguistic picture.
Research Question	How to improve the development of students’ language skills with the help of a competently compiled curriculum plan? How to correctly adapt the integration principle for the development of language curriculum plan?
Methodology	As a methodology, the principle of integration is used in the development of curriculum plan. Particular attention is paid to maintaining the strategy of interdisciplinary communication.
Results	As a result, with the help of focus groups, the effectiveness of being guided by the principle of integration in the compilation of curriculum plana was proved. The students in whose classes it was used showed the highest result of language knowledge.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	The use of the principles of integration presupposes interpenetration and merging generalized knowledge in a particular field in one educational material. Thus, when drawing up a curriculum plan, it is worth taking into account the curricula of related disciplines.

3. Title	Facilitating postsecondary transition and promoting academic success through language: Literacy-based self-determination strategies.
Author(s)	Collins, G., & Wolter, A. J.
Date of Publication	2018
Topic	This article is devoted to the development of curriculum plane for children with learning disabilities to facilitate their further education in secondary school.
Theories	A partial rethinking of the existing education system will make it possible to draw up a curriculum plan for children with disabilities in order to solve issues of correctional pedagogy.
Research Question	What principles and techniques are the most effective in developing a language curriculum plan for children with learning disabilities? What programs, educational materials and teaching aids should be used in the development?
Methodology	The principle of the value of development and the maximum possible self-realization for all students is taken as the basis for the curriculum development plan. Scientists also adhere to the idea of compensating language learning.
Results	The principles of curriculum plana compilation aimed at compensating for impaired functions are revealed, which provides an opportunity for language learning and the development of a child’s personality. This curriculum meets different educational needs, as it is quite flexible.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	Due to the emerging trend of inclusive education, when developing a curriculum plan, it is also worth considering the possibility of having children with developmental disabilities in the classroom.

4. Title	Negotiating the meaning of Next Generation Science Standards in a secondary biology teacher professional learning community.
Author(s)	Friedrichsen, P. J., & Barnett, E.
Date of Publication	2018
Topic	This article is devoted to the curriculum change plan for biology in high school in secondary school. The changes are related to the planned introduction of new generation standards in the educational process.
Theories	The standards set new value and content guidelines for curriculum, which requires the development of a change plan. The results of the implementation of the basic educational program depend on the requirements for its structure.
Research Question	How to develop and organize joint actions of methodologists and teachers to create a meaningful and coordinated curriculum change plan? How to ensure the introduction of a new generation standard in the educational program?
Methodology	The methodology used is based on the concepts of intrasubject results of students. When compiling curriculum change, it is built on the basis of innovations with a focus on universal ways of activity applicable within the educational process and real-life situations.
Results	An important part of the curriculum change compilation turned out to be the extracurricular activity component. The content of curriculum change was also determined by the distinctive features of the new standard.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	The development of a new structure of the curriculum should focus on a new system of organization of the educational process. When developing, factors such as the introduction of health-saving technologies and the formation of an open information and educational environment should be taken into account.

5. Title	Navigating the contradictions: An ESL teacher’s professional self-development in collaborative activity.
Author(s)	Giles, A.
Date of Publication	2018
Topic	This article is devoted to changing the curriculum plan in teaching English as a second language, taking into account the shortcomings of the existing plan.
Theories	Mastering several foreign languages is not an isolated process from. Thus, the curriculum of a second foreign language should be based on the results of a comparative analysis of the languages contained in the school curriculum.
Research Question	How to speed up the study of foreign material by optimizing the curriculum for language learning? What principles of the formation of the educational process will be most effective?
Methodology	The author suggests a methodology for using transposition and limiting interference of the first foreign and English languages. Therefore, when developing a curriculum plan, it is necessary to synchronize the language learning process.
Results	As a result of practical research, the author managed to form the basis for the formation of a curriculum plan. Its use helped teachers to coordinate their work and achieve positive results.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	Comparative study of foreign and native languages is useful for a deeper understanding of linguistic phenomena and processes. Considering this factor and synchronizing the language training program, it is possible to achieve maximum efficiency.

6. Title	“You’re not an island”: A middle grades language arts teacher’s changed perceptions in ESL and content teachers’ collaboration.
Author(s)	Giles, A., & Yazan, B.
Date of Publication	2020
Topic	The authors of this article argue that a student is not an independent “island” in the sea of the educational process; each of his actions should be accompanied by a teacher. Consequently, the curriculum plan proposed by the authors assumes the joint work of a teacher and a student.
Theories	The focus of curriculum plan on collaboration between a student and a teacher will expand the range of data collected and the possibilities for their analysis and interpretation. This, in turn, will facilitate a real transition to the practice of evidence-based educational policy.
Research Question	How to implement collaborative technologies in the curriculum plan?
Methodology	The methodology of this article is based on the principle of collaborative learning. This is due to the fact that the modern curriculum plan often consists of working in a common online space, where it is necessary to organize communication between the teacher and the student.
Results	Collaborative learning is best introduced into the curriculum plan as a framework methodology. This makes it possible to transfer almost all educational processes to a new level.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	The possibilities of modern collaborative technologies are very wide. This article is useful for formalizing scenarios for the use of collaborative technologies and curriculum plan reengineering.

7. Title	Digital storytelling in the language arts classroom.
Author(s)	Girmen, P., Özkanal, U., & Dayan, G.
Date of Publication	2019
Topic	This article discusses various methods of teaching foreign languages using modern teaching technologies. The development of a curriculum plan with the inclusion of collaborative learning, the project method (project technologies) and student-centered learning has its own characteristics.
Theories	The formation of innovative technologies for teaching foreign languages contributes to the acquisition of students not only knowledge, but also ways and rates of mastering them. Modern curriculum plans should contain the content, methods and tools that will allow realizing the potential of each individual student.
Research Question	How to choose a set of techniques used in the work of a teacher to achieve the learning objectives set in the curriculum plan? How to determine the minimum period of time possible to achieve them?
Methodology	The development of curriculum plan for a second foreign language is based on ergonomics, that is, the creation of a favorable learning environment for the teacher and the student.
Results	Game technology, as a method and form of teaching, turned out to be the most productive direction in the educational process when teaching a foreign language. Therefore, when compiling the curriculum plan, the presented educational material was often supposed to be presented in a playful way.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	The curriculum plan reform is not the destruction of traditional ways of teaching. By improving game technologies and including them in the educational program, it is possible to productively organize cooperation between a teacher and a student.

8. Title	Gendered paths into stem-related and language-related careers: Girls’ and boys’ motivational beliefs and career plans in math and language arts.
Author(s)	Lazarides, R., & Lauermann, F.
Date of Publication	2019
Topic	This article is devoted to the necessity to take gender equality into account when developing a curriculum plan at school.
Theories	The teaching methods used in the preparation of the curriculum plan should correspond directly to the concept of gender equality. Then it is possible to revise the functional boundaries of traditional gender norms.
Research Question	How to successfully integrate gender education methodology into curriculum plan? Should it be introduced as a separate course or as an integral part of a certain academic discipline?
Methodology	The methodology used in the preparation of the curriculum plan is associated with the ideas of gender/gender pluralism, the choice of gender identity, recognition of the equivalence of the concepts of “boy” and “girl”.
Results	Not every teacher supported the development of such an alternative science, which destroys a number of paradigms of conventional theories and methodological guidelines. However, students whose curriculum plans included the study of gender equality were more successful at entering college.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	When developing a curriculum plan, it is extremely important to take into account the aspect of gender education. Thus, each student will be able to stand up for themselves in case of discrimination, injustice, or non-observance of rights.

9. Title	Changes in student attitude toward physical education across a unit of instruction.
Author(s)	Marttinen, R., Fredrick, R. N., & Silverman, S.
Date of Publication	2018
Topic	This article is devoted to the development of motor skills of students within the curriculum plan. Since most students do not play sports, they should get the necessary dose of developmental loads at school.
Theories	The effectiveness of sports is largely determined by the rational structure and rationing of loads in the curriculum plan. Proper physical loads must be received at each lesson in order to improve the cognitive abilities of students.
Research Question	How to regulate the physical load during the introduction of sports in the school curriculum, taking into account the differentiated approach to students? How to find additional time reserves to increase the hours of physical activity in the curriculum plan?
Methodology	The methodology is based on the concept of fatigue (both physical and mental). Mental fatigue is characterized by a decrease in the productivity of intellectual work, a weakening of attention, etc. Physical fatigue is manifested by a violation of muscle function: a decrease in speed, intensity, consistency and rhythm of movements. To avoid the first type of fatigue, the second is necessary, for this purpose, physical exercises are introduced into the curriculum plan.
Results	To prevent overwork, the curriculum plan normalized the students’ daily routine. This happened due to the correct alternation of classes and rest.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	In the learning process, developmental, restorative, preparatory-stimulating and activating loads should be used. Therefore, when compiling a curriculum plan for language lessons, it is also necessary to include active games in it.

10.Title	Global climate change in U.S. high school curricula: Global climate change in U.S. high school curricula: Portrayals of the causes, consequences, and potential responses.
Author(s)	Meehan, C. R., Levy, B. L., & Collet-Gildard, L.
Date of Publication	2018
Topic	In the initial geography course on the topic of climate, an insufficient amount of time is allocated. However, this is an important issue for modern time, so it needs to be more actively included in the curriculum plan.
Theories	First of all, the main polluter of the environment is a person, the consequences of which are unthinkable. Therefore, it is necessary to teach children to environmental responsibility through the introduction of lessons on climate change in the curriculum plan.
Research Question	How to involve students in the topic of climate change? How to include this problem in the curriculum plan more actively?
Methodology	The methodology used in this article is rational climatic use. This is an active environmental position that should be formed among students as a result of a competently compiled curriculum plan.
Results	The knowledge gained earlier on the topic of climate as a result of the integration of the environmental topic with other subjects within the curriculum plan became more practical and profound.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	Indeed, the topic of climate change should be taught not only in geography lessons. It can be included in the curriculum plan for language lessons to consolidate the material studied earlier in geography lessons.

11. Title	Remote teaching during COVID-19: Implications from a national survey of language educators.
Author(s)	Moser, K. M., Wei, T., & Brenner, D.
Date of Publication	2021
Topic	The education sector was one of the first to feel the impact of the coronavirus epidemic. It responded to the restrictions imposed by transferring the entire curriculum schedule to remote mode.
Theories	The rapid transfer of many processes to the network caused the need for the speedy development of a curriculum plan for new changing conditions.
Research Question	How to organize the learning process in the context of the transition to online learning? How to adapt curriculum plan for remote education format?
Methodology	The methodology used in this article is based on the technological transformation of school education. Increased attention is paid to the adaptation of teaching and student staff to the extreme transition to digital services and remote platforms.
Results	Due to close coordination, building clear connections and competent operational management, it was possible to adapt the curriculum plan to the conditions of distance education. With the help of it, the effectiveness of the digital format of training and interaction during the pandemic was obtained.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	It is expedient and effective in the context of a pandemic to transfer a significant share of education to a digital format. Therefore, it is necessary to develop such a curriculum plan, which will be feasible in an online learning environment.

12. Title	The role of translanguaging in computational literacies.
Author(s)	Vogel, S., Ascenzi-Moreno, L., Hoadley, C., & Menken, K.
Date of Publication	2019
Topic	This article is devoted to bilingual education – a system of teaching in two languages at the same time.
Theories	Bilingualism is the main trend in the linguistic development of modern society. The development of the bilingual curriculum plan leads to absolute availability of information for students.
Research Question	How to adapt curriculum plan in the context of informational bilingual education? Which multimedia tutorials best meet these criteria?
Methodology	The methodology used in this article is based on the concept of bilingual education. Such a system is implemented in educational institutions of districts where several languages function in society. In addition, bilingual programs are often implemented by educational institutions where great attention is paid to the study of a foreign language and literature. In this case, curriculum plan has the task of creating conditions for maximum immersion in an intercultural language environment.
Results	The curriculum plan’s focus on bilingual education activates spontaneous speech and spontaneous language acquisition in students.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	From the educational and methodological point of view of teaching language disciplines, an organized type of bilingualism is a fairly effective approach. However, its organization requires additional work with the curriculum plan.

13. Title	Polic(y)ing time and curriculum: How teachers critically negotiate restrictive policies.
Author(s)	Wessel-Powell, C., Buchholz, B. A., & Brownell, C. J.
Date of Publication	2019
Topic	This article is devoted to the role of educational policy and the formation of a competent curriculum plan in modern conditions. The education system is designed to help people in the process of adapting to new realities, so curriculum plan should first of all be ready to make changes.
Theories	The specific content of the state educational policy is predetermined by public needs. The curriculum plan should be aimed at their satisfaction.
Research Question	What is the essence of the educational policy and how does it affect the formation of the curriculum plan? What characterizes the main provisions taken into account in the development of educational policy and curriculum plan?
Methodology	The methodology of this article actively uses the term “politics”. In the context of the issues discussed, he points to the methods that are used to achieve certain goals in education, for example, using the curriculum plan.
Results	During the preparation of the curriculum plan, it is necessary to be guided by the general principles of education policy. Among them are ensuring access to education, improving its quality, improving the training of teachers for educational institutions, etc.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	The educational strategy specifies the policy and explains how these goals can be achieved. It sets the direction of movement towards the goals, on the basis of which you can create a curriculum plan, which is a list of specific activities with an indication of the deadlines for their implementation.

14. Title	Automated writing evaluation and feedback: Multiple metrics of efficacy.
Author(s)	Wilson, J., & Roscoe, R D.
Date of Publication	2020
Topic	This article contains materials on the assessment of writing skills in 6th grade students, including the stages of intermediate attestation, which must be included in the curriculum plan.
Theories	New standards for the evaluation of educational activities are regularly introduced, the application of which requires the correction of the existing curriculum plan.
Research Question	How and by what criteria are grades given for writing skills in grades 6? What activities of the interim certification by letter should be included in the curriculum plan?
Methodology	The methodology used in this article is based on the state educational standard. In particular, these are the criteria for evaluating the writing, which must be included in the curriculum plan.
Results	The assessment of writing skills in the 6th grade is carried out with the help of intermediate control. The main types of verification tasks that are included in the curriculum plan are control dictation, presentation, and orographic tests.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	Writing is one of the criteria for mastering a language (both native and foreign). Therefore, it is necessary to know how to control the skills of students and how to implement this control in the curriculum plan.

15. Title	Mediating instructional reform: An examination of the relationship between district policy and instructional coaching.
Author(s)	Woulfin, S. L.
Date of Publication	2018
Topic	This article examines important aspects of coaching in education. The use of coaching by the management of educational structures is beneficial in acquiring the skills of developing a curriculum plan.
Theories	The advantage of coaching is the multiplicity of its use. It can be used not only as part of training courses, but also as a guide to theoretical activities, including the preparation of a curriculum plan.
Research Question	How effective is coaching in improving the organizational skills and planning skills of a teacher? Is coaching on the curriculum plan really a necessary element of professional education?
Methodology	The methodology of this method is based on the concepts of awareness and responsibility, which are key for coaching. The implementation of his techniques in practice when developing a curriculum plan should be based on these concepts.
Results	Conducting coaching made it possible to more effectively solve the task of compiling a curriculum plan. The obtained result of the practical application of the knowledge acquired in coaching helped to develop the reflexive thinking necessary for solving organizational tasks.
Explain the application to your curriculum change plan.	Speaking about the advantages of coaching in training, it is necessary to touch upon the aspect of practical application of the acquired knowledge in the preparation of the curriculum plan. Professional development in this field is useful, as this article demonstrates.

References

Barrot, J. (2018). English curriculum reform in the Philippines: Issues and challenges from a 21st century learning perspective. Journal of Language Identity & Education, 18(6), 1-16.

Cammarata, L., & Haley, C. (2018). Integrated content, language, and literacy instruction in a Canadian French immersion context: A professional development journey. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 21(3), 332-348.

Collins, G., & Wolter, A. J. (2018). Facilitating postsecondary transition and promoting academic success through language: Literacy-based self-determination strategies. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 49(2), 176-188.

Friedrichsen, P. J., & Barnett, E. (2018). Negotiating the meaning of Next Generation Science Standards in a secondary biology teacher professional learning community. Journal of Research in Science and Technology, 55(7), 99-1025.

Giles, A. (2018). Navigating the contradictions: An ESL teacher’s professional self-development in collaborative activity. TESL Canada Journal/Revue TESL Du Canada, 35(2), 104-127.

Giles, A., & Yazan, B. (2020). “You’re not an island”: A middle grades language arts teacher’s changed perceptions in ESL and content teachers’ collaboration. RMLE Online, 43(3), 1-15.

Girmen, P., Özkanal, U., & Dayan, G. (2019). Digital storytelling in the language arts classroom. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 7(1), 55-65.

Lazarides, R., & Lauermann, F. (2019). Gendered paths into stem-related and language-related careers: Girls’ and boys’ motivational beliefs and career plans in math and language arts. Frontiers in Psychology, 76(9), 138-173.

Marttinen, R., Fredrick, R. N., & Silverman, S. (2018). Changes in student attitude toward physical education across a unit of instruction. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18(1), 62-70.

Meehan, C. R., Levy, B. L., & Collet-Gildard, L. (2018). Global climate change in U.S. high school curricula: Global climate change in U.S. high school curricula: Portrayals of the causes, consequences, and potential responses. Educational Theory and Practice Faculty Scholarship, 102(3), 1-29.

Moser, K. M., Wei, T., & Brenner, D. (2021). Remote teaching during COVID-19: Implications from a national survey of language educators. System, 53(3), 516-531.

Vogel, S., Ascenzi-Moreno, L., Hoadley, C., & Menken, K. (2019). The role of translanguaging in computational literacies. SIGCSE, 12(3), 1164-1170.

Wessel-Powell, C., Buchholz, B. A., & Brownell, C. J. (2019). Polic(y)ing time and curriculum: How teachers critically negotiate restrictive policies. English Teaching: Practice & Critique, 117(13), 1-23.

Wilson, J., & Roscoe, R D. (2020). Automated writing evaluation and feedback: Multiple metrics of efficacy. Journal of Educational Computing, 58(1), 87-125.

Woulfin, S. L. (2018). Mediating instructional reform: An examination of the relationship between district policy and instructional coaching. AERA Open, 4(3), 1-16.

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