Introduction
The examination of consumer behavior is a common topic for discussion in many business areas. Organizations should know what makes people buy their products and use services. In the agriculture sector, the relationships between sellers and consumers need to be constantly analyzed and improved due to globalization, media, technological advancement, information revolution, and lifestyle changes. Consumer behavior in the food and drink sector is relatively new and covers human activities to obtain and prepare products (Ngugi et al. 2020). Food safety, purchase intentions, global sustainability, and cultural, environmental, and ethical factors are the major issues for consideration. Agriculture and farming contain various cultivating practices that remain integral in human civilization. Therefore, it is important to know how to foster effective production and identify the most effective ways to advertise and offer products to various customers. This project aims to review the literature on researching consumer behaviors in the agriculture sector. Agrifood chains include production, storage, distribution, and funding to find new biological and technological sources. The review of recent studies will contribute to a better understanding of how to treat consumer behaviors and define what is missing at the moment.
Methodology
Today, researchers address different methods of gathering information, communication with stakeholders, conducting primary studies, and analyzing the literature on related topics. In this paper, the literature review is the chosen research method to systematize available studies and learn what the representatives of the agrifood sector know and think about consumer behaviors. This way allows the reader to obtain a detailed understanding of the major processes in analyzing customers, their interests, and choices. In addition to organizational aspects of the agriculture industry and the relationships with consumers, some theoretical and methodological aspects in analyzing behaviors will be identified and discussed. When the main research problems are discovered, it will be possible to identify the existing gaps and make several predictions on how to improve further research.
The current literature review plans to find at least ten reliable sources that meet the inclusion criteria. The articles should have been peer-reviewed and published in English within the last five years. The keywords for the search are “consumer behavior,” “agriculture,” “agrifood,” “perception,” and “preference.” Google Scholar is a preferred search engine with the help of which articles were identified and chosen. One of the main requirements is to use full-text articles only; thus, no abstract-only sources are defined as appropriate. At this moment of the study, geographical preferences are not considered as the researcher intends to observe what people from different countries do to analyze consumer behaviors within the agri-food sector. The international perspective turns out to be a good step in learning achievements and understanding what approaches work successfully and what alternatives have failed. In general, ten articles will be reviewed regarding their research problems, purposes, applied theories and methods, key findings, research gaps, and further implementation in the field. A table format will be effective for a brief but up-to-the-point examination, and a relevant discussion will show how to use the material.
Findings
Research Problems in the Field of Consumer Behavior
The field of consumer behavior in the agrifood sector is relatively new, and some researchers share their contributions to the examination of different factors in buyer-consumer relationships. In this project, ten peer-reviewed articles are reviewed to identify what has already been known on the subject and what information should be obtained to strengthen the research background. At this moment, the major research problems include knowledge gaps and a variety of theoretical and conceptional frameworks that are not always applied to the agriculture industry (de Mattos Nogueira and de Mattos Fagundes 2021; Marchini et al. 2021; Salazar-Ordóñez and Rodriguez-Entrena 2021). Researchers investigate the agrifood sector to find out what factors affect people’s purchase decisions and offer the best-selling strategies. Mehrabi et al. (2022) admit that negative environmental impacts and socioeconomic problems provoke unequal access to resources and the development of unhealthy eating habits. Therefore, human-nature relationships should be improved through cooperation with farmers.
In addition, the reasons to research the topic of consumer behavior in a particular sector are related to the necessity to understand the possible worth of other concepts. Cecchini et al. (2018) underline that human interest in agrifood has increased during the last several decades, leading to the necessity to learn what determines their willingness to pay. It is not enough to choose a product and analyze its pros and cons from the population’s standpoint. The combination of issues explains consumer behavior, including alleviating poverty, local development, loyalty, and responsibility (Bouhid et al. 2021; Salazar-Ordóñez et al. 2019). People may choose different explanations to prove their choice and desire to buy or not to buy agrifood products, and the problem is to cover all issues in this discussion.
Theories in Researching Consumer Behavior in Agrifood
There are several theories to apply in researching consumer behavior in the agriculture industry. Some authors prefer to develop their own models and frameworks to examine influencing factors in decision-making and interest identification. For example, Salazar-Ordóñez et al. (2019) focus on corporate social responsibility and structural relations, and Mercadé‐Melé et al. (2021) work with perceptions of safety, health, and food quality. At the same time, applying. well-known theoretical approaches is also observed. One of the most common theories in the agri-food sector is planned behavior (Aschemann-Witzel and Stangherlin 2021; de Mattos Nogueira and de Mattos Fagundes 2021; Salazar-Ordóñez and Rodriguez-Entrena 2021). This theory is based on three concepts – attitudes, norms, and control – that explain the behavioral intentions of consumers. People are ready to make rational decisions and buy products when they pay attention to their behavioral intentions.
Classical utility economic theory is another common approach to examining consumer behavior in agriculture. Although this model does not cover such crucial aspects as attitudes or subjective norms as planned behavior, it helps define consumer preferences as the major behavioral drivers (Salazar-Ordóñez and Rodriguez-Entrena 2021). According to Marchini et al. (2021), this theory focuses on several universal behavioral laws and the risks associated with consumer choices. Regarding the differences and controversies between theories, some researchers prefer to combine these frameworks or introduce their innovative models to explain how different factors in the agrifood field affect consumer behavior. However, in the study by Adanacioglu (2021), no theoretical discussion was developed to show the worth of cluster analysis. In any case, theoretical frameworks in consumer behavior analysis create a solid and mutual background for understanding the topic and the peculiarities of the chosen sphere.
Research Methodologies
When researchers identify the topic for analysis, they should weigh all available resources and opportunities to understand what research methods are more appropriate for their work. In this project, the analysis of articles proves that a systematic literature review is one of the most effective and applicable ways to gather information on consumer behaviors in the agriculture sector. Most researchers like Aschemann-Witzel and Stangherlin (2021), Bouhid et al. (2021), Cecchini et al. (2018), and Mehrabi et al. (2022) achieved their goals of understanding the affecting factors of consumer behaviors through reviewed the literature. They create clear plans and define the steps to be taken for finding and examining reliable sources in the field. Their samples vary from 20 to 50 studies within the last ten years. Search procedures mostly depend on the geographic location of the researcher, and the final analysis is predetermined by properly chosen inclusion and exclusion criteria and research questions.
Quantitative and qualitative surveys and interviews with consumers introduce another method group to gather information. Different forms of communication introduce a unique opportunity to learn what people know, how they behave, and what they think about the topic. Surveys results with local consumers allowed creating of structural equation modeling for analysis and observation (de Mattos Nogueira and de Mattos Fagundes 2021; Marchini et al. 2021; Mercadé‐Melé et al. 2021; Salazar-Ordóñez and Rodriguez-Entrena 2021; Salazar-Ordóñez et al. 2019). The Ordered Logit model helped test research questions and identify variables like people’s choices, habits, profiles, and critical socio-demographic characteristics (Marchini et al. 2021). Adanacioglu (2021) used surveys to determine how farmers could benefit from a person’s decision to purchase agrifood and relied on a random probability sampling method for standard deviations. In all studies, sample sizes (from 190 to 440 participants) were large enough to test the relation between personal interests/preferences at the farmer’s market as the preferred study area. Online questionnaires were sent to the chosen consumers with clear explanations and recommendations on how to give answers. Statistical data analysis methods like the chi-squared tests and t-tests were applied.
Key Findings
Addressing the current findings, consumer behavior in the agriculture sector depends on several factors. The most evident intention of people to choose agrifood over other products is related to quality and health outcomes (Salazar-Ordóñez et al. 2019). Today, people are eager to use different sources of information to understand how to maintain their well-being, avoid food risks to health, and learn what products prevent the possibility of unwanted health problems (Bouhid et al. 2021). Agrifood is characterized by freshness, taste, variety, availability, and quality (Adanacioglu 2021). When people recognize these attributes in products, their willingness to buy agricultural products grows. Cecchini et al. (2018) underline that this desire may also be predetermined by the economic situation, sustainability development, and the level of social responsibility. In addition, CSR turns out to be an important element in understanding consumer behavior because people pay attention to the organizations or individuals who are socially responsible (Mercadé‐Melé et al. 2021). Thus, it is correct to say that economic, social, and demographical factors define consumer behavior, and customers with a higher level of knowledge, income, and food experience prefer to cooperate with farmers and buy agrifood.
Research Gaps and Further Research
Despite the quality of the offered investigation and researchers’ attempts to create appropriate questions and conduct various methods, certain knowledge gaps exist, provoking further studies. In the field of consumer behavior in agrifood, such gaps as unequal geographical distribution, poor consumer experiences, and various farmer practices are identified (de Mattos Nogueira and de Mattos Fagundes 2021; Marchini et al. 2021; Mercadé‐Melé et al. 2021). At the same time, the identification of social or demographical factors is never the same, which explains different behaviors, choices, and preferences (Mehrabi et al., 2022; Salazar-Ordóñez and Rodriguez-Entrena, 2021). Finally, the implication of the existing theoretical models and the possibilities of creating new approaches reveal new aspects of the topic discussion, and researchers underline the necessity to continue addressing the same issues from new perspectives (Mercadé‐Melé et al. 2021; Salazar-Ordóñez et al. 2021). All these gaps should not be defined as shortages of current research but as opportunities for other stakeholders to introduce their ideas and use available resources. Today, the agrifood sector continues to grow, and new interests and options emerge to underline the role of consumers and farmers in the industry.
Conclusion
Modern business and trade relationships are developed at different levels, addressing the population’s needs, expectations, and possibilities. In the agriculture sector, certain shifts are observed as more people become interested in such products due to their quality, safety, and variety. Thus, consumer behavior in agrifood turns out to be a common topic for discussion in many academic journals and projects. It is expected to learn what factors contribute to the customer’s willingness to buy agricultural products. This literature review covers several credible studies from different parts of the world about the relationships between farmers and consumers. Social, economic, and demographic concepts need to be considered to recognize how and why people decide to buy agrifood. The theories of planned behavior, cardinal utility, and reasoned action are chosen as frameworks for conducting surveys and systematic analysis in the field. The recent findings prove that some factors predetermine human purchasing behavior and recommend continuing investigation in this particular sector to predict consumer preferences and interests.
Reference List
Adanacioglu, H., 2021. Factors affecting the purchase behavior of farmers’ markets consumers. PLoS One, 16 (7) [online].
Aschemann-Witzel, J. and Stangherlin, I. D. C., 2021. Upcycled by-product use in agri-food systems from a consumer perspective: a review of what we know, and what is missing.Technological Forecasting and Social Change [online], 168.
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Salazar-Ordóñez, M., Cordón-Pedregosa, R. and Rodríguez-Entrena, M., 2019. A consumer behavior approach to analyze handmade and locally made agrifood products in Western Honduras. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales, 18 (2), 5-27.