The models that best explain the evolution of bipedalism are carrying, heat dissipation, and display. Considering that bipedal primates inhabited Africa, the heat dissipation perspective demonstrates that bipedalism was necessary for the creatures to overcome the region’s high temperatures. The carrying model suggests that bipedal locomotion was stimulated by the need to transport something, such as food, rocks, or children. The display approach explains that bipedalism was facilitated by an upright posture to exhibit dominance.
The listed models account for improved survival and reproductive success in savannas and mixed forest environments by helping bipedal primates survive in the areas and stand out among other creatures. The heat dissipation outlook explains that bipedalism assists in cooling the body. The carrying perspective proposes that bipedalism allows transporting food from open areas to safer locations, like a grove of trees. The display model suggests that an upright posture is associated with mating success.
Differences in how humans’ appearances depend on their physical attributes but not on their racial features. Race is a socio-cultural concept that does not reflect a person’s biological characteristics. The idea that people contrast from one another based on race originated during the colonial era to promote the transatlantic slave trade and the perception that some individuals, particularly Europeans, were superior to others. The notion that people can be classified by race has persisted and is widely used nowadays, causing prejudice and racism. However, races do not represent human biological variation that has a continuous or clinal basis. Therefore, the concept of human races cannot be used to distinguish people because it reflects a societal construct, whereas humans look different due to their biological attributes.