Abstract
Zara Fashions has been struggling to improve its supply chain as a way of improving its supply delivery in the market. The management realized that the process needs modern technologies and effective strategies that would help in reducing the duration of product storage and transportation. This is important in reducing the cost of the product when it is finally delivered in the market.
With the current competitive market, the management has realized that it has to restructure its processes to achieve success. This success can only be realized if the firm remains consistent in its supply chain strategies. For success to be achieved, goods of high quality should be availed to the customers at the right time and in the recommended shape in different markets.
It has been keen on developing superior means of delivering its products to the customers in a superior manner. The supply chain management of this firm has been fashioning its product delivery styles in order to meet the demands of the market. The main aim has been to ensure that the firm’s products are delivered in the right form and at the appropriate time.
Shortening the period of delivering products to the market does not only cut the cost of warehousing, but also ensures that the products are always available in the market. The management of Zara must realize that it is consistent in the market in terms of availing its products to the customers. All its products should always be available in the market.
Introduction
Supply chain management is one of the most important tasks that determine the success of an organisation in the market. Shah (2009, p. 67) defines supply chain as “A system of organisations, people, activities, information, and resources involved in moving a product or service from the supplier to the customer.”
From this definition, supply chain is a system with various components that should work together towards achieving the objective of moving products from the supplier to all the customers in various locations. Zara Fashions is one of the leading Spanish retailers of clothes and accessories.
This firm is operating in a highly competitive environment where customer satisfaction is the core component of remaining afloat in the market. There are a number of market competitors offering similar products in the market, and this means that if this firm expects to retain its lead in the market, then it has to ensure that its products and product delivery method are superior to that of other competitors.
Supply chain defines the product delivery method, and is one of the most important tasks that would determine the level at which a given firm is able to satisfy its customers. It is not enough to manufacture high quality products and pile them in the stores.
It is important to understand the clear objectives for this research. The main objective of the researcher is to find the approaches that Zara uses in its supply chain strategy by answering the above question.
The researcher will use both the primary and secondary sources of information to find answers to the above research questions. It is important to note that the secondary sources of information will be used to support the findings that will be gathered from the primary sources of data. Both sources of data are considered important in this research.
This research would seek to find a way through which Zara can ensure that its products are always in the market. When a customer finds that their preferred product is not in the shelf, they may consider shifting loyalty to alternative brands that they consider reliable in availing their products in the market. An effective supply chain will always help ensure that the products are always available in the stores.
The purpose of this research can be achieved by developing research questions that would help in the process of collecting both primary and secondary data. It is true that a researcher will always encounter massive information, most of which may not be relevant to the research topic. When this occurs, it is possible that a researcher may be swayed into gathering irrelevant information as part of the data to be analysed.
This does not only waste the time of the researcher, but also limits the quality of data hence the report will not be credible. For this reason, it is always necessary to have research questions that would help in guiding the collection of data.
The researcher will specifically focus on finding the answers to the specific questions. It means that any data that does not give direct an answer to the questions will be regarded as irrelevant to the research. The following are specific questions that should be answered from this analysis.
- What are the trends in supply chain management?
- How does the supply chain of Zara compare to that of its competitors?
- What is the impact of technological advancements in the processes managing employees?
- How can effective and advanced supply chain become a competitive advantage of the company?
Future weblogs will discover the “soft underbelly” on business framework advancement in depth, looking at, for example, and intellectual and modify control issues. Another idea is that while supply stores have persisted for a lengthy period, most companies have only believed what was occurring within their “four surfaces.”
Few businesses recognized much less handled the entire chain of actions that eventually provided products to the final client. The result was sketchy and often worthless supply stores. Supply chain management, then, is the active control over supply chain actions to increase client value and achieve a maintainable competitive advantage.
It symbolizes an attempt by the development chain companies to develop and run supply stores in the most effective & efficient ways possible. Provide chain actions cover everything from service, seeking, production, and strategies, as well as the computer needed to organize these actions.
The companies that make up the development chain are “linked” together through actual moves and details moves. Physical moves include the modification, activity, and storage of products and materials. They are the most noticeable piece of the development chain.
But just as important are details moves. Information moves allow the various supply chain associates to organize their long-term plans, and to control the day-to-day flow of products and material up and down the development chain.
Literature Review
The field of supply chain management has attracted attention of many scholars who have been trying to come up with the best practice in this field. Taylor (2003, p. 31) says, “Supply chain activities transform natural resources, raw materials, and components into a finished product that is delivered to the end customer.” This means that it goes beyond delivering products to the market.
It starts with identifying the right raw materials that are to be used in manufacturing of the products. Once the raw materials have been obtained from various sources, they have to be stored within the organisation before they can be taken for the production of the products needed in the market.
From the production plants, the finished products will be temporarily stored within the firm before they can finally be transported to the market (Bolstorff & Rosenbaum, 2012). The entire process of this supply chain should involve due diligence from the responsible unit, the supply chain and logistics department, to ensure that customers have the products they need within the right time.
According to Taylor (2003), there is a changing trend in the supply chain management. The scholar says that the market is increasingly getting competitive, and the stakeholders must find the means of improving their supply chain in order to minimise the cost of the products in the market.
Shah (2009) says that firms must use the strategies that would lower costs of the products when they are finally availed to the customers in the market. One of the best ways of doing this is by reducing the time taken to deliver a product from one stage to the other. Longer storage time leads to increased cost of production.
The storage costs can be reduced by minimising the time that the products or raw materials take within the firm’s stores. This means that Zara must embrace a strategy that would help it ensure that its products take as minimal time as possible in the stores from one stage to another. In so doing, the cost of electricity, labour, and space will be minimised.
The costs associated with the damage due to prolonged storage are also eliminated. The reduction in the cost of delivering a unit of the product to the market will enable the firm to lower its prices in the market. This will make its products more competitive than it used to be before such improvements (Wisner, Tan & Leong, 2011). This will also increase the profitability of the firm.
The products should also be delivered in the market when it is in the right condition that is expected by the customers. According to Tompkins and Harmelink (2004), many firms incur a lot of costs when their products get damaged while on transit. The costs will vary depending on the nature of the product. Some products are highly perishable, and need a faster delivery channel (Coyle & Coyle, 2009).
Products such as flowers and greens will easily be damaged while on transit if the channel is not fast enough. Other products such as glass are not highly perishable, but very fragile. They need to be handled with care in order to protect them from any form of damage. Zara deals with clothing and apparel. These products too may be damaged if they are not handled with care. Any damage on the product increases its cost in the market.
Many companies such as Zara are using the emerging technologies when transporting their products to the market (Coyle & Coyle, 2009). Using some of the modern means of transport such as the electric trains shortens the time taken to deliver the products to the market. There are also some special containers suitable for various products during transportation.
The containers do not only offer security to the goods on transit from damage or theft, but they also enable the transporter to maximise on the available space. The invention of the mobile tracker helps in determining the location of the goods on transit in real time.
This means that a firm can easily determine if there is any emergency and send a response team in time (Taylor, 2003). For instance, when the goods are taken to a wrong route, the tracker will alert the firm and measures to recover the products can be taken. This has improved efficiency of the supply chain to the firms that have embraced this technology (Taylor, 2003).
What improves the complexness of the provide sequence is the dependency on exports from other creating countries. Almost 30% of all outfits created on the globe are released in third globe countries. Hence, there is a huge cost engaged in moving components and completed products. Zara has managed its take a position as an innovator in the outfits market and what makes it so effective is its exclusive provide sequence techniques.
Zara uses the following concepts to increase their net income and sustain a status of being a product that is both styles forward and cost-effective. Quick reaction to Requirement – Zara follows a take design in their stock and provides sequence control. They create up to 1000 styles every month depending on shop sales and current styles.
They observe client sending’s in the shop to assess and know what types of styles are being absorbed and then accordingly iterate on their next styles. Small Group Shows – Zara has a fast revenues, they generate few of amounts for every item. This gives them the opportunity to quickly know what styles are effective. It is also a great way to discover new styles and comprehend its approval rate in the market.
This also intensely decreases the risk of generating bulk of something that the client does not want. Even though it might seem like a bad idea to spend money on different styles, Zara maximizes by using the same content only in different ways.
Central Submission Center – Zara has very powerful IT systems that returning its distribution. All the outfits are delivered returning to Italy, the location. From here, it is allocated to different countries and shops are depending on individual specifications and needs of the particular area. As sectors and opponents follow up on Zara’s exclusive provide sequence design, it is.
Zara’s sectors in Italy and those it uses in People from France, The other agents, and Poultry generate its coolest outfits, often licks on the newest styles.
They account for about half of Zara’s stock, according to the organization. Its more primary T-shirts, sweatshirts, and the like are requested on a conventional routine, about six a few several weeks in enhance, from sectors in Japan, where work costs are often less expensive, then sent by deliver to Italy.
Zara professionals have spent in high-tech equipment and extra potential that allows their sectors to provide unexpected manufacturing improves or changes—something few Oriental producers would be able to do. At the beginning of a year, a common store would have placed purchases for at least 80 % of the outfits it will offer, according to a Stanford Business School research on Zara.
The sequence chooses only about 50 % of its styles that far in enhance. Change does not affect the system; it’s part of the program. ZARA changes their styles 2 several weeks per time, where Represents and Spencer changes two a few several weeks a moment.
Products of ZARA is very popular with young women (age of 24 -25) their item profile is consists of with men, women and children (ZARA KIDS) outfits, shoes, beauty products, and enhances. Company recommended getting an amount of income in starting new shops rather than huge marketing techniques.
There are 1671 shops all over the globe. ZARA is a “fashion imitator” organization, ZARA changes around more than 2000 styles per yearly and its income for 2012 is over 7 billion dollars weight.
Infrastructure
Their manufacturer is situated in a town called La Coruna, France. It is the town which has the most affordable work in the country, but in comparison to southern Parts of Asia the price of is expensive in France. It offers versatility and speed to force new style to the ultimate promoting feature quick.
Human Source Management
ZARA employees school leavers or clean undergraduates so most of time job at ZARAs is their first job. ZARAs always liked clean, dynamic younger individuals because they are free from family responsibilities and they can focus more on their job.
Technological Development
ZARA has providers. These providers are sent to nightclubs, top quality social activities to pick up newest styles so within 6 hours using technology they sent the images to the manufacturer with minor variations in the style.
Operations
Factory in France is prepared with versatile production systems, (FMS) for quick turn-around in styles and shows. Expense of labor is not cheap and targeted on performance and performance. They do have 12 times lead time.
Marketing and Sales
Target customers are younger women who are 24 decades and 25 decades. ZARA don’t promote much on press. but once they put up a large poster on a higher wall in a higher developing, everyone is amazed why did they put up a poster like that.reason was next to that developing there was an excellent situated in a higher developing as same as the other. So when the area goes to each floor the poster is noticeable.
Facilities
They reach their focus on audience by finding their shops in primary town-centre places. By decreasing the produced volume of each style, Zara makes synthetic lack and decreases the risk of having inventory it cannot sell.
Scarcity in fashion improves desirability, which indicates customers need to buy easily as the product may not be available next One week. Zara only discount rates 18% of its inventory in product sales, which is half the industry regular.
Inventory Stores
Place purchases twice weekly and the provider of completed products are printed to store requirement. Manufacturing is then improved or reduced in the versatile plants. Demand based production indicates there is very little inventory in Zara’s provide sequence, which results in much lower funds specifications.
Procurement /Inbound logistics
ZARA purchases its raw materials from France, France, and Portugal. Purpose is last product can be force to the ultimate promoting feature easily. Providers have decided to provide content within 5 times to ZARAs service in the country. Due to this, most of the incoming strategies are road transport age (mainly trucks).
Pricing
As manufacturing is carried out in Italy where average income are greater than low cost Parts of Asia, manufacturer salary costs will be greater than opponents, which will impact edges.
Delivery
Supply generally appears one to two days after purchasing with most deliveries coming by vehicle from the Language industries. Outfits are then put directly onto the product sales ground and are available to purchase. Own train infrastructure
Strengths
It generates about 11,000 unique products yearly in contrast to 2,000 to 4,000 products for its key opponents. The company can style a new item and have completed products in its shops in four to five weeks; it can change current products in as little as two several weeks.
Reducing the item life-cycle means greater success in conference customer choices. A normal high-street store in Italy desires clients to visit three times a year. That goes up to 17times for Zara. 50% of the products Zara offers are created in Italy, 26% in the European nations, and 24% in Asian and Africa nations and the world.
Based on Zara’s provide sequence, the writers include in their style also the style, which is a basic operate of the outfits provide sequence. The writers like from Zara’s provide sequence that the main factory is in the same nation where most of the products are created. Furthermore, they think to recommend a similar freelancing way of their style.
An essential fact making Zara effective is the stable and regular circulation of information between the suppliers and the responsible stakeholders in the head office that are not only clients, but also market professionals and developers.
Research Methodology
In this research, it was important to choose a method that would help generate the needed primary and secondary data. The method chosen for the analysis also needed to be able to clearly offer solution to the research problem. Both quantitative and qualitative methods would be appropriate for this research. However, qualitative methods would be more appropriate in data analysis.
The researcher understands that this study will be an additional body of language on this topic. It is important to ensure that this study does not become a duplicate of the previous studies because if that happens, then it will be of no use in this field of study. This research must be able to yield something new that the previous reports were not able to bring out.
It must identify some of the gaps in the literatures with the view of addressing them (Poole, 2004). It must also determine some of the conflicts in the findings of the previous researches.
In such cases, it would be necessary to identify the factors that lead to the conflicts, and find a middle ground that would be acceptable to the two divides. In order to achieve this, the method chosen should be based on the clear principles that would guide every step of the research. The research will be specifically focused on finding solutions to the above questions.
In the data analysis section, the response will be generated from the primary sources of information. The process of collecting data can be very complex, especially when the researcher relies on both the primary and secondary data. According to Mouton (1990), the main problem in data collection process is the fact that there are so many misleading data that it may be difficult to discern the truth from lies.
Sometimes the misconceptions can be entrenched in the society that many may believe that it is the truth. This is always very common in the controversial topics such as the one in this research. Both the primary and secondary sources of data will be seriously distorted, based on the view of the author of such information.
In this research study, the researcher intends to collect data from both the primary and secondary sources of information. However, care has been taken to ensure that the information is not influenced by the biases of some of the sources of information.
The primary data will be collected from the players in this industry and employees of this firm (Kothari, 2005), conducting a research is a complex process that requires a clear plan on how each stage should be addressed in order to obtain the expected success.). They will be sampled using the sampling strategy discussed below.
According to Poole (2004), it is always necessary to define the scope of data collection before starting the process of collecting that particular data. Scope of data collection is always defined on the basis of the geographic location where the data will be collected, the number of participants, the duration of data collection, and the type of data that will be collected.
The primary data will be collected within the country by identifying. The main reason why the primary data collection was restricted to within this country was mainly because of the time and financial constrains. As mentioned previously, it was necessary to use the primary sources of data as a way of confirming the information that has been gathered from the field.
The researcher realised that it would be important to interview some of the people who have knowledge on this topic in order to get their personal views. This would help in confirming the findings obtained from the secondary sources. However, Kothari (2005) says that sometimes the population under investigation can be so large that it may not be realistic to interview everyone.
It means that when analysing its effect, it may not be possible to interview everyone in various countries around the world. For this reason, a sample will be selected to represent the entire population, which should give the true image of the represented population. This means that an appropriate sampling strategy will be necessary in order to develop a report that is inclusive of the affected population in its entirety.
Stratified sampling method was considered the most appropriate strategy for this research. This involves identifying the different groups with different views about the topic. The classification of the entire population into groups must be done with caution in order to ensure that in each individual group, there is homogeneity in their thinking and beliefs about the topic.
This means that in each individual group, the sentiments of one individual will be shared by other members without any serious contradiction.
This will make it possible to assume that the sentiments made by an individual are shared across the members of the group. After classifying the entire population into different strata, the researcher will use simple random sampling to identify individual participants who will participate in the study. This process must be conducted without any form of biases in order to avoid swaying the results in favour of one side of the argument.
This report is an original work compiled by the researcher based on the findings that were obtained from both primary and secondary sources of data. The secondary sources of data were obtained from books, journals, and reliable online sources.
Primary data was obtained through an interview of a sampled population of respondents. This research paper is very valuable to Zara Fashions because it identifies some of the mistakes in its supply chain, and proposes a strategy that can be used to find a solution. To other scholars, this can be a good piece of literature in this field.
Data analysis will involve the organisation of the data into themes representing common points, coding, and indexing of related variables.
The descriptive analysis method will be used to analyse the sorted data based on the sequential control framework. The process that will be used in qualitative data collection and analysis is presented in the flow diagram below.
Findings and Analysis
The findings of this research were based on the data which were collected and analysed from the two sources. The secondary data obtained from books and journals were analyzed to help offer a basis for this research. The primary data was analysed to support the information obtained from primary sources. The researcher used qualitative research methods in order to arrive at the desired conclusion.
Secondary data collected from various books, journal articles, and other relevant online sources were reviewed in chapter two of this research study. The following chapter entails a detailed analysis and discussion of the primary data that was gathered from the field. The data will be analysed using simple mathematical methods that would help in presenting the information in the form of graphs, charts and other relevant figures.
This will make it easy for those who will be using this information to understand its contents. The above literatures have responded to the questions posed at the introductory section of the research. The data that was obtained from the field was analysed and below are the responses that were obtained to the question.
Do you believe that the supply chain control of Zara’s is better than its competitors?
The diagram above confirms that the majority of the respondents strongly agreed with the fact that Zara’s supply chain is superior to that of its competitors in the market. Only a few of the respondents had a contrary opinion on this issue. The following question was also posed to the participants and their responses analysed.
Do you believe that the technological advancement in management will make the processes easy for the employees?
The response obtained from the participants, it is evident that the majority shared the view that the technological advancements in management help in improving the process of managing employees.
This means that using of the emerging technologies is one of the best ways of achieving competitiveness in the market. The researcher asked a question that was directly focused on the supply chain and how it brings competitiveness in a firm.
Do you believe that effective and advanced supply chain can become a competitive advantage of the company?
The results from the respondents strongly affirm that effective and advanced supply chain can become a competitive advantage for a firm. While Zara’s unique shops were in Italy, nowadays it has shops throughout European countries, the nation’s, the Center Eastern, and Japan. The organization started out their first store in Russian federation on Aug 28, 2013.
In financial 2012 Index revealed complete product sales of € 15.9 Billion dollars ($20.7 Billion); Zara showed 66% of complete product sales or €10.5 Billion dollars ($13.6 Billion) with 120 shops world-wide. Other, more compact, sections include Take & Keep, Massimo Dutti, Bershka, Stradivarius, Oysho, Zara Home and Uterque. The following data was obtained from the ANOVA analysis.
Data Analysis
The above table explains the descriptive statistics of all hypotheses. The agreement level of this research is 4 so If the mean of a hypothesis is greater or equals to 4 than the hypothesis will be accepted. All hypotheses are accepted because the mean of all hypotheses is greater than 4.
Zara has targeted groups of developers and product supervisors. They manage the style, seeking and manufacturing of a specific category such as outfits or female’s sportswear. They are accountable for both the preliminary selection and in-season reaction. Significantly to its success, Zara generates where it offers. This accomplishes short lead times for new fashion concepts.
Today, Zara can renew current items in as little as two several weeks. The organization usually spends almost nothing on marketing and uses the benefits to support more expensive of generating in Italy. This allows the organization to generate what the clients want.
The limited incorporation of style, planning, marketing and manufacturing in La Coruna allows the organization to be versatile and therefore able to reply quickly to any market need. The idea of Provide Sequence Control is based on two primary ideas. The first is that essentially every item that gets to an end user symbolizes the collective attempt of several companies.
These companies are known as jointly as the development chain. In my study I have researched it and contributed about ZARA business and how development created to this business. Organization designs have become important tools in the top-manager’s tool kit.
Your small business framework is the connection of the reasoning by which an organization makes and provides value to customers. It also describes the program of earnings and costs that allows the organization to earn a profit. It is both a map—i.e., a mental representation—and the real framework of the business’s internal and exterior activity techniques.
However, regardless of more than a decade’s interest operating designs and the advancement, their particular management and organization style difficulties are only beginning to be recognized. What is particular about these difficulties is that top-management needs a map of the current business framework and the one it intends to apply and perform, and a plan of how to get there.
Moreover, business designs can be very complicated techniques, with many interlock components, demanding synchronization. Hence, business framework enhancements are truly significant business modify tasks.
Discussion
The information obtained from both the primary and secondary sources of data strongly indicate that supply chain management is one of the most important tasks within an organisation that can help a firm to the desired success in the market. According to Shah (2009), the competition in the market and firms are forced to find strategies that can help them offer superior products at friendly prices.
Zara has realised that one of the best ways of remaining the market leader in this industry is to maintain superior supply chain strategies. As Taylor (2003) observes, supply chain is not just restricted to the process of delivering products from suppliers to the market.
It is a long process which starts with getting the raw materials from the suppliers, storing them before they are taken to the production unit, storing the products from the production unit, and finally delivering the products to the market.
At each of the stages mentioned, it is important to ensure that technology is used to enhance speed and efficiency of the processes in order to ensure that the cost of production is minimised. Minimising the cost can be approached from various fronts. The first would be to reduce any form of damage on the products that may render them wastage when they reach the market.
When all the products reach the market in good condition, then the firm would avoid unnecessary wastage that may cost the firm a lot. At Zara Fashions, another approach will be to ensure that the products reach the market within the shortest period of time possible.
By reducing the storage time, the firm will be reducing the cost of storage which will in turn, reduce the overall cost of the products when they are finally availed in the market. With such reduced costs, the firm will be able to lower its prices in order to attract more customers. It will also improve its profitability, which will in turn increase the finances of the company.
Business designs typically summarize a number of components of a business’s business framework. These include the value undertaking, sections, the value sequence, and income style. But many authors and experts as well tend to stress only or a few of these. Indeed, very often only one factor of the organization does stand out.
For example, the showing factor business framework of Groupon, Moolala and similar seems to be all about the value undertaking based on providing discount rates on meals, products and services with local suppliers.
Focusing on this individual factor seems sensible from the perspective of interacting to stakeholders. It best catches what is truly unique about the organization. But, in reality, the components of an organization framework are connected in a program. It may be a very complicated program.
Neglecting this can be extremely deceiving. For example, if one concentrates completely on value undertaking and section as the truly unique aspect of, say, the organization designs of H& M and Zara, the summary are that these organizations have basically the same business framework, Namely one that offers quickly style to young city customers, but they don’t have the same business framework.
In particular, these two organizations vary with respect to how they have structured their value stores (namely, little compared to very heavy integration).
The one factor outlined by company interaction may be, if not by any means insignificant, then a feature that only becomes successful when it is properly connected to the other components of the organization framework. For example, Zara’s quick style business framework sets on the tight incorporation of imitative style, short product life periods, versatile production, efficient strategies, and cheap prices.
This becomes significant when organizations seek to improve their business framework. The levels of independence are far from endless. Zara’s ability to innovate is restricted by the current set of components in place. Modifying any of these components will have consequences for the entire program.
The general factor is that what Organization X does to business framework factor has effects for what it can do to business framework factor b, and perhaps c, d, etc. This is not a complicated factor. Supervisors are usually aware of how changing activities in one aspect of an organization may have effects for other parts.
However, it is not a factor that been brought to the forefront in the massive conversation of economic framework advancement. And yet, it may matter extremely. For example, many of the large drug organizations now engage in much more service-intensive business designs.
They have had to modify their initial idea that it would be possible to move nearer to sufferers with few changes in current business designs. On the contrary, more patient-centric designs require significant, related changes in interaction, job explanations, KPIs and benefits, especially for sales representatives.
Conclusion
The review of the literatures and analysis of the primary data indicates that supply chain is one of the most important tasks that a company should focus on in order to achieve success in the market. The primary data shows that Zara Fashions is one of the most successful firms in the apparel industry because of its superior supply chain.
The firm has been able to embrace the emerging technologies in its supply chain at various stages of product delivery. This has reduced the time its products take in the stores, and the time taken to deliver them to the market. This has made it very successful in this industry.
References
Bolstorff, P., & Rosenbaum, R. (2012). Supply chain excellence: A handbook for dramatic improvement using the SCOR model. New York: American Management Association.
Coyle, J. J., & Coyle, J. J. (2009). Supply chain management: A logistics perspective. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Ivanov, D., & Sokolov, B. V. (2010). Adaptive supply chain management. London: Springer.
Kothari, C. R. (2005). Research methodology: Methods & techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.
Mouton, J. (1990). Basic concepts in the methodology of the social science. Pretoria: Hunan Sciences Research Council.
Poole, M. (2004). Research Methods in Human Resource Management. London: Chattered institute of Personell Management.
Shah, J. (2009). Supply chain management: Text and cases. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson Education.
Taylor, D. A. (2003). Supply chains: A manager’s guide. Harlow: Pearson Professional Education.
Tompkins, J. A., & Harmelink, D. A. (2004). The supply chain handbook. Raleigh, N.C: Tompkins Press.
Wisner, J. D., Tan, K.-C., & Leong, G. K. (2011). Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Mason, OH: South-Western.