The role of inflammatory markers and hemostatic factors in the development of atherosclerosis is being actively studied. These markers are associated with various biological systems, such as platelet activity regulation, coagulation, fibrinolysis, endothelial function and inflammatory response. In addition to the potential importance of these markers as predictors of CVD, inflammatory markers have been found to be closely related to obesity and DM.
Inflammation is one of the main pathological changes observed in arterial atherosclerosis, including the earliest stages, which determine the formation of ASD; in addition, it underlies the changes contributing to plaque damage and thrombus formation (Abraham & Facp, 2022). Epidemiological and morphological studies of the last two decades have provided convincing evidence that plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) are a sign of a sluggish inflammatory process (Sharma et al., 2021). They indicate an unfavorable prognostic factor both in patients with acute coronary syndrome and in healthy individuals without clinical manifestations of CVD. In the case of the patient, these markers should be regularly observed.
Prostatitis is a disease characterized by inflammation and/or infection localized in the prostate gland. It can manifest itself with a wide range of clinical signs and complaints. The production of secretion is a component of sperm and is involved in liquefying the ejaculate and saturating it with nutrients (Kaploun, 2020). They include various enzymes and vitamins, citric acid, zinc ions, which help improve sperm motility and activity. The infectious agent in the acute process can be Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella and E. coli. Most microorganisms belong to the conditionally pathogenic flora and cause prostatitis only in the presence of other predisposing factors. Chronic inflammation is usually caused by polymicrobial associations. The most important factors leading to systemic reaction are:
- on the part of the macroorganism – the presence of a septic focus, periodically or permanently associated with the blood or lymphatic stream;
- impaired reactivity of the organism;
- infectious agents, including qualitative and quantitative properties.
Detection of polymicrobial associations in the blood increases the mortality rate of sepsis patients by 2.5 times. The pathogens may enter the bloodstream from the environment or be brought in from foci of primary purulent infection. The importance of nosocomial infection is great: its growth is promoted by the widespread use of invasive diagnostic procedures, immunosuppressive drugs (glucocorticoids, cytostatics). Under conditions of immunodeficiency, trauma, surgical stress or acute blood loss, infection from chronic foci easily spreads throughout the body, causing sepsis. The prostate contains smooth muscle fibers that help the ejection of sperm from the urethra during ejaculation, prevent the passage of sperm into the bladder and participate in the mechanism of urine retention. The latter produces hormones and active substances that regulate the sexual sphere.. All three diseases can coexist in the same prostate at the same time. That is, the presence of prostatitis does not exclude the presence of prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer in the patient and vice versa.
Laparoscopic splenectomy is an alternative to open surgery and with the appropriate manual skills of the surgeon and sufficient material and technical support of the institution. It can significantly reduce the incidence of intra- and postoperative complications, reduce the postoperative bed-day and improve the quality of life of patients (Scott-Conner et al., 2022). Splenectomy has a biological immunosuppression effect in ITP since the main focus of autoagglutinin production is eliminated. However, the correlation between the effect of splenectomy and antibody titers has not been confirmed.
References
Abraham, J., & Facp, P. (2022). The bethesda handbook of clinical oncology. LWW.
Kaploun, I. (2020). Demystifying prostatitis: Words of wisdom from a prostate specialist. Independently published.
Sharma, E., Gupta, S., & Sinha, S. (2021). Pro-inflammatory markers in periodontal disease: Pro-inflammatory markers. LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
Scott-Conner, C. E. H., Kaiser, A. M., Nguyen, N. T., Sarpel, U., & Sugg, S. L. (2022). Chassin’s operative strategy in general surgery: An expositive atlas (5th ed.). Springer.