Introduction
Guidance and Counseling have come a long way. In the past century alone, remarkable developments have transpired. Additionally, significant contributions in career guidance and counseling have helped develop career guidance and counseling. This paper will provide a timeline of past developments in career guidance and counseling. The paper will also examine socio-cultural events in career guidance and counseling (Zunker, 2012).
1907: Jesse B. Davis
Davis was the first to come up with a formal guidance system in schools. Davis introduced guidance and counseling in public schools in 1907. Davis introduced lessons concerning guidance and counseling in English classes. Additionally, Davis introduced guidance on moral and vocational assistance. In all, Davis made an instrumental contribution to career guidance and counseling.
1908: Frank Parsons
Parsons made important contributions in guidance in counseling. For instance, Parsons established Bureau of Vocational Guidance. In 1909, Parsons chose the mental hygiene movement, which helped to develop career guidance and counseling. Parsons established the vocational guidance movement. Additionally, Parsons contributed to the development of Trait and factor theory.
1920s: Rise of progressive education
This period saw a rise in progressive education. Progressive education grew in schools. Career development quarterly was introduced in 1921albeit as NVGB. Moreover, in 1922, John Dewey came up with the idea of progressive education. More inventions were witnessed during this period, such as the Aptitude test (Hull), among others.
1930s: Hostility to the movement
This period was characterized by the great depression. Moreover, most schools grew hostile to the movement, terming it anti-educational. Opponents of the movement argued that the basis of education was the only thing required in schools. Most countries suffered from economic bust as countries grappled with the effects of the great depression.
1940s: Military era
This period was characterized by war as. The United States was also suffering from the effects of the Great depression. There was a severe global economic depression just before the Second World War. This influenced the progress of career guidance and counseling. Carl Rogers’ technique of psychotherapy came up in 1942.
The 1950s: Occupational outlook Handbook published
Although the first edition of the occupational outlook handbook was introduced in 1949, the second and third editions were published in 1951 and 1957, respectively. Moreover, Client-centered therapy was also introduced in 1951 by Rogers. Additionally, Gilbert Wren coined the term counseling psychology. Maslow’s hierarchy was also introduced in this period.
The 1960s: Career guidance and counseling kept growing
This period saw an increase in funding for guidance and counseling. Additionally, new legislation was created that supported guidance and counseling. Furthermore, new professional developments were introduced. Additionally, focus on guidance and counseling shifted from vocational to social issues. Additionally, it shifted from career development to student’s personal issues. Glasser invented reality therapy and secondary/elementary act.
The 1970s: More Acts introduced
In 1974, family education and privacy act were established. In addition, the special education act was also introduced in 1975. Furthermore, Parloff came up with 130 theories on counseling a year later. The year 1976 was historic in that the State of Virginia became the first to implement counselor licensure law.
The 1980s: CACREP
The accreditation of programs related to counseling began in 1981. The American Counseling Association was also formed in 1983. In 1985, Howard Gardner came up with the theory of multiple intelligences.DSM was introduced by APA in 1987. Moreover, CACREP joined COPA. This period also led to the enactment of the American Disabilities Act, which gave guidance and counseling a new outlook (Taylor, 2014).
The 1990s: ACTE
American College of Counseling Association was established in 1993. Additionally, the School-to-Work Opportunities Act was established in 1994. Moreover, CACREP accredited 115 programs in the field of counseling. Surprisingly, the American School Counselor Association withdrew from ACA in 1997. In addition, American Vocational Association was given a new name (ACTE) in 1998.
2002: 165 programs accredited
CACREP accredited 165 counseling programs in 2002. Additionally, ASCA released a new national model framework, which entailed counseling components and skilled based counseling. ASCA also introduced national standards. Furthermore, RAMP was established. RAMP was introduced to reword counseling programs that show success in implementing ASCA model. These developments were essential in strengthening career guidance and counseling ASCA (2005).
2003: ASCA national model released
ASCA was initially unveiled in 2002. However, it was then released in 2003. Moreover, NCTSC was introduced in 2003. Additionally, the Center for School Counseling Outcome Research was created to promote evidence-based practices in guidance and counseling. Furthermore, an EZAnalyze program was also created in 2003 for data-based interventions in schools (Schmidt, 2003).
2004: NOSCA
The year 2004 saw an extensive revision of ASCA ethics to focus on equity. Moreover, ASCA was revised to allow for inclusive access to counseling for all students. Pat Martin joined College Board and later developed NOSCA. NOSCA was developed to improve practices in college counseling. This was aimed at achieving equity in counseling.
2008: SCOPE introduced
Jay Carey conducted the first NOSCA study in 2008. NOSCA study focused on innovations in counseling. Additionally, school counseling competencies were made to conform to the ASCA model. Dr. Schellenberg also introduced SCOPE and SCORE in 2008. This period saw improvement in the analysis of results as well as reporting techniques.
2012: ASCA
In 2012, ASCA published its most recent national model for use in guidance and counseling. ASCA has been instrumental in developing career guidance and counseling since its inception in 2002.
Conclusion
Career guidance and counseling have come a long way. America is credited with the invention of pervasive and systematic conditions of guidance and counseling. Theorists such as Jesse Davis, among others, made significant contributions in career guidance and counseling.
References
ASCA (2005). The ASCA National Model: A framework for school counseling programs. Alexandria, VA: Author.
Schmidt, J. (2003). Counseling in Schools: Essential Services and Comprehensive Programs (4th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Taylor, D. (2014). History School Guidance Counseling: Key Dates for School Counselors. Web.
Zunker, V.G. (2012). Career Counseling: A Holistic Approach (8th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage, Brooks.