Carl Hempel has been the challenge to the theories of confirmation that had been laid down in the past concerning natural science through quantitative degrees of confirmation of hypothesis and evidence. His scientific explanations were deductive nomological models and deductive arguments. In his explanation, the conclusion of the argument is of true intention whereas in the past the conclusion was meant to only convince but not to provide the truth of the case, in systematizing his data he was able to propose quantitative measures of power. The inductive logic was abandoned by Hempel as his emphasis was strongly on the problems of logical positivism more so those concerning the criteria verification as he reiterated the logical positivist’s science analysis to empirical sociology of science analysis.
In the analysis for the logical model, he takes a case why the priest is thought to cause childbed fever when he enters the sick person’s ward with the bell rang or not rang, there was also another perception that the crowding led to the mortality was not the case according to him he argued that pragmatic aspects were not taken into consideration and that such features required scientific backing in terms of laws and facts. He described a fundamental theory as a true statement with quantifiers that are not removable and there are no present constants. He also added that logical consequences which are derivatives of generalized terms and statements are sources of derived theory. He argued that scientific theories are universal statements used which are expressed by generalized properties which are justifiable by facts, and are constant at all times, and do not change with time and space. However there are laws which true under certain limited conditions such as the sun and its planets hence a clear cut difference between the fundamental theory(no restrictions involved) and a derived theory that has reference to individual bodies is observed, thus the scientific laws are not theories to make predictions from but genuine and reliable statements which describe the realistic and provable with a point of view.
Carl Hempel stated that prediction and explanation have the same structure logically and explanation can forecast a valid explanation which can be used to justify scientific explanations in deductive and nomological modeled accounts. He faced inductive explanation in the statistical laws in which he gave a high probability which was not consequences of logical premises which is a law cover. The laws are determiners of statistical laws and which are administrable. To confirm the paradoxes of confirmation in his research Hempel used the statement (x) in which (Rx-Bx) was supported by the statement (Ra&Ba) and said if P1 and P2 are logically equivalent statements then O1 confirms P1 and O2 supports P2. Hempel uses the measurement of mass to describe physical quantities that are defined by concluding that when two bodies have the same and that different bodies haze different masses and if balanced their masses remain constant and if one has a greater mass than the other5 then they cannot reach to an equilibrium that’s why the difference in the weight of bodies results from.
The quantum leaps to the wrong and the Carl Hempel theories are all the same thing as both of them present scientists as persons who can research their events in the field and can present conclusive points which can be proved with the facts available in the field. The book also presents scientists as persons who can present uniform conclusions to their investigations without any kind of theories that are trying to present themselves which are not only wrong but wrong as they do not present the real thing about the nature of the science and its philosophy.