Philosophers Essay Examples and Topics

Berkeley found evident flaws in Locke's "copy theory" and shaped his views into a cohesive philosophy that could hardly be criticized by the thinkers of his time.

His key contributions to the field include the Socratic Method that facilitates the critical analysis of hypotheses, ideas about morality and wrongdoing, and the concepts of immortal soul and preexistence.

Immanuel Kant is considered the most influential philosopher of the Age of Enlightenment and one of the greatest Western thinkers of all times.

He revolutionized the nature of politics through his writings that influenced the British and American politics. The writings include The Theory of Moral Sentiments, and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth [...]

As for one to be accorded the status of a professional he has to practice the skills required in that profession.

Inconsistencies in responses lead to a determination of truth of earlier statements; in short a question is broken down to a series of smaller questions in order to ultimately arrive at a more refined for [...]

Kant's notion on the possibility of knowledge of an objective realm reducing to the possibility of a priori synthetic judgment is explained by his interest in necessary truth, the theory of a priori, and necessity.

In the first formulation, Kant explores the possibility of categorical imperatives, which might be due to the reason that the possibility of the moral law is related to the aspect of freedom of people who [...]

After scrutinizing the past of the public sphere, Herbamas establishes that there was no between the public and the private spheres, because of the class groupings by the feudal government. He views the liberal model [...]

The same applies to a person's commitment to treat its friends in the best way possible the individuals in question may not be just as friendly, as it appears to be the case.

According to Plato, the functioning of every human being is closely linked to the entire society. Therefore, the major difference here is that for Plato, the function of every individual is to improve the entire [...]

A hero is one who chooses to go against the status quo even when, by doing so, he risks the wrath of the authorities or the powerful.

In his understanding, "the soul" is the mind, which is the ability to think, and the conscience, which is the moral principle. According to Socrates, the soul is the owner of the body.

Rene Descartes is one of the main ideologists of the free will and the error inclination of the human intellectual knowledge, and his main idea penetrating all the aspects of his philosophic views is that [...]

One of the branches of his ontological thought was the discussion of the existence of God. The purpose of this paper is review and analyze the arguments Rene Descartes provided to evidence the existence of [...]

Immanuel Kant was largely affected by the death of his mother as he was only 13 years old at the time of her death.

These two thinkers contributed greatly to the development of the movement through the focus on certain basic values and principles as well as the promotion of particular aspects of the overall paradigm.

Rene Descartes is arguably the father of modern philosophy; he is the one philosopher who is heralded for the introduction of algebra and the connection that lay between algebra and the scholarly subject of geometry.

The Milesian philosophers, Thales and Anaximander, advanced a rational or scientific explanation for the metaphysical elements of the universe that departed from the mytho-poetic reasoning of the time.

The latter is the most famous saying of Heraclitus that refers to the idea of change as the fundamental essence of the world.

It is imperative to mention that the discussion of the human mind has led to many disagreements among thinkers, and the difference between the theories that they propose is rather significant.

According to Oxtoby and Amore, the main principles of the teaching of Mencius were the pursuit of knowledge and self-improvement of individuals who should challenge their usual feudal structure of life, being oppressed by the [...]

They include the view of justice that forms the basis of Socrates' criticism and the reason why the philosopher found Cephalus and Polemarchus definitions and views of justice unsatisfactory.

The reasoning and ideas of Parmenides have been of great significance in the modern world as far as teaching and the quest for knowledge are concerned.

Additionally, it is possible to say that it is not just a religion, however, it is the way of life and philosophy.

Of the Standard of Taste is an essay by the Philosopher David Hume who attempts to elaborate the need and the possible existence of a rule that will reconcile the taste of individuals to one [...]

To a great extent, they profoundly influenced people's views on the origins of life, the transformation of society and the behavior of an individual within the community. This is one of the main details that [...]

The jurors argued that Socrates' ideas and teachings corrupted the minds of young people. Some scholars believe that Socrates' views and beliefs could have influenced the later works of Plato, particularly in literary writings.

This is of particular concern to the interpretation of Socrates's political and philosophical visions. In particular, the source introduces a multifaceted analysis of Socrates' personality and his philosophical outlook on life.

To Plato, democracy was the worst form of governance because it was the tyranny of the multitude. Furthermore, the effects of the war were hard to take because people lost everything they had.

It is possible to say that the author manages to surprise a reader with the help of this shift and arouse interest for his further words.

He could have attained the name because of the nature of his forehead or because of his extensive knowledge. Due to the wealth and political influence of his family, his father gave him the best [...]

Aristotle was a "the son of a renowned physician from Thrace" and he began his philosophy studies at the Plato's academy.

An individual, who resorts to torture in order to save the lives of other people, cannot estimate the long-term effects of this action on the welfare of the community.

The laws of nature provide the fundamental rights based on the concept of reason. The law of nature refers to the general analysis of flora and fauna through reason.

Being the most praised Socrates pupil, he devoted a lot of his works to Socrates figure, trying to investigate his point of view and present it to the audience.

Tian is one of the most important concepts in his teachings, and it symbolizes heaven. This story is about a disciple of Confucius asking Daoists for help that was later reported to the teacher.

In the Garden of Eden, the Adam and Eve had the freedom to eat of any tree except the tree in the center of the garden.

On the other hand, Hume defines the concept of necessity as the kind of uniformity observed in the unique operations and processes in nature.

Rene Descartes is one of the most influential philosophers of the last few centuries, especially in relation to the study of origin and existence of mankind.

As he tried to enlighten the people, Athenians leaders observed that Socrates was spoiling the minds of the youths, and thus guilty of using his philosophies inappropriately.

According to him, man is naturally violent, and thus, there is a need for the establishment of an authoritative government in the form of a monarchy to check and contain the violent nature of man.

Khun introduced the concept of "paradigm shift" in mainstream science by suggesting that scientific models undergo paradigm shifts and therefore, the notion that scientific models develop in a linear manner is untrue. After weighing the [...]

In this article, Todorov argued that the manifestation of the "repetition and difference" aspect of the narrative requires the application of a specific formula.

In "The Apology" by Plato, the characterization of Socrates is tied to the fact that the setting of the book was Socrates' execution.

Plato believed that presenting the teachings in the form of dialogues was the best way of documenting the teachings of Socrates for the benefit of the future generations.

John Locke, who was also widely regarded as the inventor of classical liberalism, was thought of as one of the most known intellectuals of enlightenment.

Confucius' views are similar to the opinions of Han Fei, who believes strong leaders are able to maintain public order in the society.

This is the purification that comes from the separation of the soul and body. The hindrance to the realization of the true virtue is corrupted by the body and its elements.

He adds on to say that Kuhn's analysis of the scientific revolution does not provide a reality of understanding the world in the context of science.

The data used serve as evidence and are based on to confirm hypothesis. Both data and observations are based on to confirm hypothesis thus theories must meet the consistency condition as well as the other [...]

The moneyed class or the capitalists, those who own the means of production are grouped into one class, while the labourers and the proletariat belong to another; they are also known as the exploiting and [...]

Instead he or she is more interested in seeing the logical inconsistencies of life and the paradoxes of people's behavior. On the whole, one should not assume that S ren Kierkegaard is altogether critical of [...]

Despair is what is referred to as sickness unto death in the life of a Christian. The recognition of the existence of God and self is the immunity to despair.

Hobbes' school of thought believes that the political authority is sovereign to the populations, thus should remain obedient and fearful to the authority in order to enjoy the services of the ruling class.

Thus, according to the principle, an individual has the right to do whatever he or she wills unless the action brings harm to others and that is the only time power should be used to [...]

The thesis statement of the discussion is that Confucianism is useful in cultivating and instilling good morals in individuals and in so doing contributes to harmonious co-existence of people in society.

Wilber points out that each holon in his diagram is a constituent of the previous one, and each quadrant its own beginning.

Ideas of Deity Paine's idea of deity is that the first cause a man can attribute to God is the cause of all things.

The Russell's solution to this is as follows: inconsistencies within the amolecular' descriptions, to which we resort, while trying to ensure the spatial integrity of our perceptions of the universe, can be eliminated by the [...]

According to Hume, philosophers should use a similar example such as that of the workman to derive qualities of the Supreme Being. Hume disagrees with justice that is ascribed to the action of the gods.

Karl Marx expressed his sentiments on alienation and pain in the lower class workers imprisonment by the private individuals who have the resources to manipulate and twist social, development, and welfare aspects of the masses [...]

John Stuart Mill is definitely one of the famous philosophers of the modern era. In the work, Mill examines the question of liberty and the power of the society.

One of the most influential philosophers of all times and the major figures in the history of the Chinese philosophy, Laozi has paved the way for the Chinese people to the Enlightenment, offering his own [...]

His most renowned work was the book, 'The World as a Will and Representation' whose main theme is the dissatisfaction that people have in life hence will live to achieve the level of satisfaction that [...]

The author of this paper will also revolve around the ontological composition of the world and its contribution to the question of being. This is because the question of being is constituted in the entities [...]

In the given question, Mill draws the line between the moral principles and the human mind. Hence, Mill questions the link between the moral and the ethical.

In modern times, people also think that this scholar's teachings are relevant because he found a way of relating the level of one's spirituality with one's psychological state.

In this defense Feldman uses another source of intrinsic value that shows that the deceived businessman lives a life of less value and this other source of intrinsic value is truth.

To the best of my knowledge, the most powerful argument made by Mill for Utilitarianism runs as follows: Happiness is the presence of pleasure and the absence of pain.

The discussion of the myth presented in Aristophanes' speech is compatible with Socrates' visions of the issue of love because both philosophers consider love as a desire of something or a lack of an important [...]

Philosophical Thinking of Technology Heidegger claims that it is not a surprise to humans that anything which is often taken for granted will become a significant basis of alarm; that is, what seems to be [...]

However, the university did not award her the degree because it was against the academic policy of the institution to award a degree to a woman.

Precisely, its ideas on freedom of speech and expression, fair treatment and equality before the law and its humanistic aspects have laid a basis for the propagation and protection of human rights in the world [...]

The writer illustrates that the Japanese views asserted that Confucianism was a social system which influenced morality in the society. The Confucianism view on education was that it was an essential aspect of human life [...]

One of the main principles on which the ethical school is based is the notion of virtue as the representation of the moral perfectness of a man.

In this sense, the main function of philosophy is to document what has happened in the world. In fact, to Marx, labor is the main cause of alienation.

This paper takes the modern approach in referring to the relevancy of the play by critically giving an insight on the perspectives of the theories of desire.

During the course of this conversation, Socrates was able to prove to Protagoras that the notion of one's moral obligation to a civil law is indeed fully objective.

The theological claim that the nature and purpose of humanity precedes the human creation and existence forms the basis of Sartre's description of the human condition.

Consistent with the aim of philosophy, Russell believes that definite answers to some fundamental inquiries are not indispensable but rather the interrogatives asked in the process of introspection of what may turn out as truth [...]

Descartes believes that human beings lie in the continuum of existence and as aforementioned, the continuum of existence differentiates God, human beings, and the devil.

In his first meditation, he claims that the realities in both dreaming and waking up are so similar, because most of the things and happenings in dreams were usually similar to those that happen when [...]

This assignment is about what Hume means by the statement that the self is "nothing but a bundle of perceptions, which succeed each other with an inconceivable rapidity" as well as how he explains how [...]

However, what Hitchens misses from Das Kapital is Marx's vital clarification of the social role of money and capital."The value of commodities more and more expands into an embodiment of human labour in the abstract...one [...]

He was accused of corrupting the morals of the youth and misleading the citizens with his unorthodox political and religious views. Plato was so attracted to Socrates philosophy that he made him the principal character [...]

Apart from the fact that he said Confucianism was responsible for the wars that were beleaguering the country; he also was extremely critical of morals and societal rotting that he witnessed.

Everyone, including the leaders was under the umbrella of proper morals, which he said, was the linen from which the peace of the country was to be made.

One of the central ideas of the book is that the Tao is the Nature, the essence of everything in the world which cannot be either experienced or seen, it just exists, that is all.

Contrary to the expectations of the Chinese people, this situation disenfranchised Confucius up to the point of leaving his government post.

Many of the writings of the Young Hegelians focused on the refutation of religion and need to replace religion with philosophy as the moral criterion for the society and means for understanding history.

He makes out the poor application of rhetoric as a style and the incoherence of ideas in the body of the anecdote.

Indeed this is the concept from which the science of psychology is based which is best exemplified by the theory of behaviorism: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the concepts of self ideology [...]

Starting from the unjust slaying of Abel and the persecution of Jesus, the Bible illustrates the blamelessness of the victim. Girard perceives aggression to be a section of the challenges of aggression and not as [...]

In their dialogue, they asserted that love desires and is always in want of beautiful and praiseworthy things; for it triumphs in happiness and wanes in sadness.

Gandhi did not believe that an action is right if it promotes greatest good for the greatest number of people; far from it, he believed in moral actions that lead to the greatest good for [...]

In this regard, people would not be the means for the mandate of heaven path and not the ends. In Confucianism, you would be wrong to rebel if you are not the Son of Heaven.

Nonetheless, the duties and the very morality developed in one society can significantly differ from the norms accepted in another society, so it is impossible to state that ethical norms of a society correspond to [...]

Apart from the liberation theology, which resulted in a political uprising in the country forcing him to left the country, the other works of Freire include 'The Pedagogy of the Oppressed' and 'Education as the [...]

In philosophy, the term relation refers to a form of the fact that is either agreeable or disagreeable of the two items.

The perception of the self, according to Socrates explains the nature of man and the rationale on which man thinks. The capacity of a man is a product of the self in him; this formed [...]

But to that particular end, it does not mean that it would not be important for him that the rest is false.

In order to understand Hume's critique of the belief in miracles, it is crucial to begin by defining what a miracle means.

In a way, this contradicts his above reasoning that if there is no one to experience the loss of good life, then the absence of suffering and realization is not bad at all.

The principle of inferring the existence and nature of God from the cosmic design is uncertain because the design of the universe is beyond human experience, and is useless because no one can revert and [...]

He explained death as the end of living; this meant the life of an individual would be terminated at the time of death.

The article situates the reasoning of Hegel in two articles, one being the Second Sex by Simone and the other is the modern woman as a subject by Fanon.

In addition, I believe that Hobbes intended to put moral and political philosophy onto the scientific basis to attain knowledge and to illustrate his findings to others. By studying the behavior of individuals in this [...]

In the Euthyphro, Plato reveals the nature of philosophy through the dialogues of Socrates as he goes to face the trial against corrupting young men.

According to the Treatise of Human Nature, Hume asserts that each belief that is subject to justification should be either a matter of fact or relation of ideas.

Their views are mostly similar, agreeing on the concept that morality is a necessary part of human life and it should be guiding the actions and thoughts of every person. Immanuel Kant's theory is that [...]

Nevertheless, as of today, this effectively ceased to be the case, because: a) the realities of a post-industrial living render the classical concept of a statehood/law hopelessly outdated; b) the recent discoveries in the fields [...]

Descartes also argues that the body cannot exist without a mind; however, the mind can endure the annihilation of the body to which it is paired.

This especially comes out well in the case of Aristippus who believed in satisfying his craving for pleasure in the present as opposed to postponing them to the future.

Far from that, Hegel's thought on social mediation of freedom consists of the parochial universality of the family, the ethical criticism, the dissolution of the family competitive, and self-seeking formal individualism that is manifest in [...]

Socrates is one of the great thinkers of all times owing to the fact that his philosophy shaped the Greek's tread of thoughts. Socrates believed that he was the gadfly of the society and the [...]

If stretched to its logical maximum, the given idea leads to the suggestion that the entire world is merely a figment of someone's imagination.

Confucius says that passing of knowledge to people is the work of government. According to Confucius, good government should take the needs of the people into consideration by doing the right things and upholding virtuous [...]

According to Epicurus, a debauched kind of pleasure is not the type of pleasure he was talking about since this type of pleasure only ends in the moment of enjoyment.

Socrates advocated the idea that justice was good, and that meant that injustice was equal to evil. The point he makes here is that justice is the cure for evil, and that a man who [...]