The case study as a method is characterized by intensive research of a certain block of knowledge in order to generalize the information received in broader cognitive blocks. In this sense, the case study is similar to other studies in that it uses a covariance proof that does not primarily analyze but precisely defines cases. Despite the fact that the case study is used by most scientists, it requires delineation of the boundaries of application and description of its advantages and disadvantages.
A case study can be defined as a spatially limited study of a phenomenon in relation to other phenomena within a time limit. As Gerring (2004) points out, the limitedness of the issue simultaneously implies its connection with a wider group of phenomena that are in the case of contact. The case study is good for some limited situation requiring a qualitative description, or located in a certain practical and ethnographic field. According to Gerring (2004), the case study may be appropriate for describing the relationship between countries, populations, and time in the social sciences. The most important thing to remember is that if one of the variables changes, it affects the rest of the variables and the whole nature of the study. The principles of covariance can be used to compare the time of two events in time that have a similar or even hierarchical nature, such as social cataclysms that may or may not affect each other.
Within a case study, it makes sense to distinguish between descriptive and causal stages, the latter of which involve two or more variables. The descriptive method within a case study describes a single unit within the sequence of symptoms, diagnosis, problem solving, and consequently the resulting research result. The emphasis in this type of research is on its qualitative aspect and builds more on the verbal side of a characteristic behavior or experience, providing a high level of detail (King’s Psychology Network, n.d.). Causal studies cannot be drawn to a single unit and view the given issue as a relationship between two variables. Through laboratory or natural experiments or quasi-experimental statistical control neutralizing real causal effects, the detection of these interactions is achieved.
As a positive side of the case study, one can indicate the depth of the study, its gestalt orientation, which allows the researcher to learn more about the limited sphere instead of learning less small about the larger sphere. Another advantage of case studies is the ability to use them to build new theoretical models and pilot studies, despite their certain likelihood of being subsequently falsified. Causal relationships that can be established through the case study can indicate the discovery of a causal mechanism, which is a plus. Finally, the variety of variant models within the case study, their breadth of branching, is extremely useful in terms of the research, discovery nature of scientific activity.
The downside of a case study may be an excessive number of secondary study units that affect the result and create methodological complications. Another methodological problem of the case study may be confusion between categories belonging to the primary and secondary, less important, or broader unit of study. Gerring (2004) points out as another disadvantage of the case study the desire for generalization, which can deprive many political and sociological studies of a clear diachronic perspective. The last disadvantage can be pointed out that, in contrast to generalization, an excessive breadth of research may arise, which does not necessarily cover a large number of sources trying to describe the relationship between units.
In conclusion, case study is a special method suitable for solving various scientific and practical problems, which, however, is not understood by many people deeply enough.. Case studies are thus, like single and more generalized units, always contextual. Case studies tend to generate new discoveries and theories, although many of them run the risk of being unconfirmed.
References
King’s Psychology Network. (n.d.) The case study method. Web.
Gerring, J. What is a case study and what is it good for?American Political Science Review 98(2), 341-355. Web.