Bleich, S. N., Findling, M. G., Casey, L. S., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., SteelFisher, G. K., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans.
Study Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans focuses on racism against Black people in various areas of life: seeking medical care, hiring, and interacting with the police. About a third of those interviewed were found to have experienced discrimination when they went to the hospital, and more than half of those interviewed reported difficulties in hiring (Bleich et al., 2019). In addition, 60% of those interviewed confirmed that police actions were discriminatory: for example, people reported insults, aggression, and prejudicial behavior. The study found that there is a lack of institutional interventions to combat racial prejudice and social racism, as the state can still not create instruments of influence (Bleich et al., 2019). However, the study demonstrates that education level or gender does not play a role or reduce the risks of encountering discrimination because racism remains a systemic phenomenon.
Banaji, M.R., Fiske, S.T. & Massey, D.S. (2021). Systemic racism: Individuals and interactions, institutions and society.
The study Systemic racism: Individuals and interactions, institutions and society highlights the problems of systemic racism, which is an evidence-based phenomenon that smaller races and ethnicities face daily. The paper’s authors see systemic racism as a consequence of segregation in World War I migration, which resulted in distinct communities that were not understandable to white Americans (Banaji et al., 2021). As a result of national policies regarding black residency, segregation is now perpetuated because enforcement mechanisms are not entirely equitable. The authors of the study point out that this segregation is reinforced because of the subconscious rejection by the white population of any phenomenon from the culture of black people because they are not ready to switch to a new format of thinking (Banaji et al., 2021). Finally, the study points to the problems of good people who only reinforce segregation by spreading discreet discriminatory biases.
References
Banaji, M.R., Fiske, S.T. & Massey, D.S. (2021). Systemic racism: Individuals and interactions, institutions and society.Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 6(82).
Bleich, S. N., Findling, M. G., Casey, L. S., Blendon, R. J., Benson, J. M., SteelFisher, G. K., Sayde, J. M., & Miller, C. (2019). Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of black Americans.Health Services Research, 54 Suppl 2(Suppl 2), 1399–1408.