Chen, J. M., & Hamilton, D. L. (2012). Natural ambiguities: Racial categorization of multiracial individuals. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(1), 152-164. Web.
The study evaluated the process of identifying multiracial persons as “Multiracial.” The authors hypothesized that perceivers would label multiracial people less often and slowly than monoracial people. First, the investigation indicated that multiracial classifications of morphing Black-White looks were less common than racially homogenous classifications and took longer. Experiment 2 repeated and enlarged similar effects on Black-White faces. Experiment 3 showed identical outcomes for Asian-White faces. True Black-White and biracial face morphs had fewer variations than Black or White sets. Mental strain and time restrictions severely affected multiracial classifications but not homogeneous ones. Monoracial categories minimized the utilization of multiracial groups. The research is vital to the current study because the analysis demonstrated that the consequences of these results are essential background knowledge for comprehending how multiracial people are seen are examined.
Ho, A. K., Kteily, N. S., & Chen, J. M. (2017). “You’re one of us”: Black Americans’ use of hypodescent and its association with egalitarianism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113(5), 753. Web.
This analysis shows that they classified Black-White multiracials based on hypodescent, affiliating them more frequently with their lower parent group than their much higher parent group to preserve the hierarchical power structure. The present research examines whether Black Americans, an ethnic minority, identify more with their minority parent group than their majority parent group. While Whites and Blacks regarded Black-White multiracials as less Black than White, the first two studies that directly correlated White and Black Americans found that Whites’ hypodescent was linked to interethnic anti-egalitarianism. In contrast, Blacks’ was related to interethnic egalitarianism. This study is vital to the current research because it confirms that both minority and majority perceivers utilize hypodescent. Yet, it also demonstrates that opinions about its usage vary depending on the social standing of the perceiver.
Ho, A. K., Sidanius, J., Cuddy, A. J., & Banaji, M. R. (2013). Status boundary enforcement and the categorization of black-white biracial. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 49(5), 940-943. Web.
The study investigated the effect of social context and individual differences in hypodescent, giving multiracial people the prestige of their poor parent group. It revealed that individual diversity in hegemonic orientation interacted with assumptions of possible socioeconomic risk to affect the use of hypodescent in recognizing and categorizing half-White and half-Black biracial targets. It was established that hypodescent is a hierarchical social categorization. Therefore the article is relevant to the research question based on its inclusion of Hispanics, providing a pivotal perspective.
Pauker, K., Weisbuch, M., Ambady, N., Sommers, S. R., Adams Jr, R. B., & Ivcevic, Z. (2009). Not so black and white: memory for ambiguous group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(4), 795. Web.
In the future years, multiracial identities are likely to develop tremendously, challenging those who categorize individuals by race. This paper examined how perceivers handle this problem, given their racial bias. It established that Perceivers have trouble remembering ambiguous-race persons because they are not prompted to incorporate them into the in-group. Additionally, including biracial persons in improved in-group recall for vague faces, but other-race and racially ambiguous faces were misremembered more than own-race ones. This research is noteworthy because it reveals that the degree to which perceivers associate ethnically ambiguous faces with the in-group indicates memory and motivation. Memory for multiracial persons seems to be a continuous process of person creation affected by inspiration which is relevant to the present research question.
Sanchez, D. T., Good, J. J., & Chavez, G. (2011). Blood quantum and perceptions of Black-White biracial targets: The Black ancestry prototype model of affirmative action. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(1), 3-14. Web.
The present research explored how Black ancestry affects targets’ fit with perceivers’ categorization and Black biracial target prototypes. Perceivers were more likely to classify multiracial targets as Black if they had Black ancestry and stereotypical racial discriminatory features. These findings were unaffected by ancestry-based phenotypic perceptions. While self-categorization predicted characteristic perceptions, how individuals would identify biracial targets predicted discrimination perceptions. The study is significant because its findings are consistent with the Black descendants’ prototype affirmative action framework, which describes how Black ancestry affects how minority resources are distributed to biracial targets. It will be a comparison when the Hispanic group is added.
Smith, R. E., & Wout, D. A. (2019). Blacks’ perception of a biracial’s in-group membership shapes attributions to discrimination following social rejection. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 25(4), 483–493. Web.
The study examined how Blacks classify Whites, Black White biracial, and Blacks as members of their in-groups and whether those classifications predict a rejection response. Participants herein were less likely to blame discrimination for rejection feedback when they thought that Biracial and Black partners were more in-group members than White partners. Participants believed that biracial people classified as White were less inclined to belong to the in-group than those who identified as Biracial or Black. As a result, they were more likely to blame discrimination for disapproval feedback. The study is relevant to the current research because it helps comprehend people’s interpersonal experiences and reactions as the globe continues to diversify.