Streptococcal Pharyngitis
Bacteria penetrate the pharyngeal mucosa and induce an inflammation associated with Streptococcus A that a person may carry in the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract. Symptoms include throat pain, weakness, fever, hyperplasia of lymphoid elements, etc. (Thompson & Wenig, 2016).
Acute Pharyngitis, Unspecified
Microorganisms penetrate the mucous membrane of the pharynx through micro-damages and cause a local inflammatory reaction, usually, of an exudative character (Hetchman, 2013). Unspecified AP may be triggered by the flu, typhoid fever, infectious rubella, etc., or be one of the manifestations of glomerulonephritis, acute leukemia, lymphogranulomatosis, agranulocytosis, hypertension, etc.(Gupte, 2016). Symptoms: swelling and reddening of the mucous membrane of the tonsils, cough, temperature rises, fever, pain when swallowing, asymmetry of the tonsils, and hoarseness (Vovrick, 2015).
Acute Pharyngitis
Acute inflammation of the mucous membrane in the middle part of the pharynx, usually combined with inflammatory changes in the oral cavity and the palatine tonsils (Walker et al., 2014). The trigger mechanism of the pathological process can be the general and local effects of the thermal/environmental factor (Renner, Mueller, & Shephard, 2012). In AP, hyperemia and swelling spread evenly throughout the mucous membrane of the posterior pharyngeal wall. Mucous glands grow in size and produce an excessive amount of secretion. Individual follicles of the lymphadenitis tissue become edematous, acquire a hemispherical shape, or form strands (Thompson & Wenig, 2016).
Candidiasis of Mouth
The major cause of the disease is pathogenic fungi. The infection develops in three stages: 1) adhesion of causative agent to the surface of the mucous membrane or skin; 2) colonization β the fungi create a complex of enzymes that destroys the epithelium; and 3) the fungi penetrate the epithelium cells, tissues, and blood (development of secondary inflammation) (Thompson & Wenig, 2016). The general symptoms include diffuse or focal hyperemia of the mucous membrane, swelling, desquamation, plaque (Myers, 2014).
Acute Otitis Medis
Ear tugging, fever, copious discharge and cerumen, difficulty sleeping, as well as the tympanic membrane (TM) erythema are the major symptoms of AOM (McCormick et al., 2016). The redness of a TM is the local AOM symptom which may lead to hyperemia – as a result, the TM becomes red, and it can be hard to capture the details of its clinical picture during the otoscopic examination (McCormick et al., 2016).
Acute Otitis Externa
OME is characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the middle ear cavity without the symptoms of acute inflammation. Most often, OME develops on the background of inflammatory diseases of the oral and nasal sinuses or nasopharynx, when the patency of the auditory tube is disturbed (Higgins, 2016). As a result, it creates a negative pressure in the tympanic cavity and provokes the extravasation of initially sterile fluid in it (Higgins, 2016). It may lead to a temporary hearing loss, which can last for a long time and lead to a child’s developmental delay and speech problems.
Foreign Body
FB is an object located in the external auditory canal or trapped in the middle or inner ear cavity. FB can be any small item: stone, bead, seed, etc. If not removed, it leads to an inflammatory reaction due to microbial infection that can manifest itself in pain, the secretion of mucopurulent discharge, deterioration of the hearing (Dunphy, Winland-Brown, Porter, & Thomas, 2015). With severe inflammation, an increase in body temperature, and a headache can occur. The inflammatory reaction can be accompanied by swelling which reduces the lumen of the auditory canal and significantly complicates the removal of the FB (Kullar & Yates, 2012).
Acute Tonsillitis
The infection enters the organism through the lymphoid tissue of the oropharynx. Viral, bacterial, or environmental pathogens reduce the protective functions of the epithelial cover and contribute to the invasion of streptococci. Fixation of Γ-hemolytic streptococcus on the surface of tonsils and other clusters of lymphoid tissue is due to the affinity of some antigenic microbial structures (e.g., lipoteichoic acid) to the epithelium of the lymphoid apparatus of the oropharynx (Walker et al., 2014). Symptoms: dry and sore throat; headaches, weakness, high temperature.
References
Dunphy, L. M., Winland-Brown, J. E., Porter, B. O., & Thomas, D. J. (2015). Primary care: The art and science of advanced practice nursing. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company.
Gupte, S. (2016). The short textbook of pediatrics. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical.
Hechtman, L. (2014). Clinical naturopathic medicine. Chatswood, N.S.W.: Elsevier Australia.
Higgins, T. (2016). Otitis Media with Effusion. Web.
Kullar, P., & Yates, P. D. (2012). Infections and foreign bodies in ENT.Surgery, 30(11), 590β596. Web.
McCormick, D. P., Jennings, K., Ede, L. C., Alvarez-Fernandez, P., Patel, J., & Chonmaitree, T. (2016). Use of symptoms and risk factors to predict Acute Otitis Media in infants. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 8155-59. Web.
Myers, M. S. (2014). Symptoms of diseases: with suggested herbal treatment options. United States: Xlibris.
Renner, B., Mueller, C. A., & Shephard, A. (2012). Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat).Inflammation Research, 61(10), 1041β1052. Web.
Thompson, L. D., & Wenig, B. M. (2016). Diagnostic pathology: Head and neck. Salt Lake City, UT: Amirsys.
Vovrick, L. J. (2015). Pharyngitis – Sore throat. Web.
Walker, M. J., Barnett, T. C., McArthur, J. D., Cole, J. N., Gillen, C. M., Henningham, A., β¦ Nizet, V. (2014). Disease manifestations and pathogenic mechanisms of group A Streptococcus.Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 27(2), 264β301. Web.