Progress on Sustainable Development Goals in Morocco Research Paper

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Table of Contents

Introduction
SDG Goals for Consideration
SDGs achievement in Morocco
Works Cited

Introduction

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are underpinned by the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), and the SDGs aim at continuing efforts to end poverty in all its forms. They affirm that poverty eradication must be inextricably linked to strategies that stimulate economic growth and address social needs, such as education, health, social protection, and employment opportunities. This also means addressing the challenges of climate change and ensuring environmental protection. Some targets are of prime importance for developing countries – for example, targets 1, 8, and 13.

SDG Goals for Consideration

Goal 1 – End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Targets	Indicators
1.1. By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day	1.1.1 Proportion of population below the international poverty line, by sex, age, employment status and geographical location (urban/rural)
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions	1.2.1 Proportion of population living below the national poverty line, by sex and age 1.2.2 Proportion of men, women and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable	1.3.1 Proportion of population covered by social protection floors/systems, by sex, distinguishing children, unemployed persons, older persons, persons with disabilities, pregnant women, newborns, work injury victims and the poor and the vulnerable
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and financial services, including microfinance	1.4.1 Proportion of population living in households with access to basic services 1.4.2 Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, with legally recognized documentation and who perceive their rights to land as secure, by sex and by type of tenure
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks and disasters	1.5.1 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 people 1.5.2 Direct disaster economic loss in relation to global gross domestic product (GDP) 1.5.3 Number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies
1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, to implement programs and policies to end poverty in all its dimensions	1.a.1 Proportion of resources allocated by the government directly to poverty reduction programs 1.a.2 Proportion of total government spending on essential services (education, health and social protection)
1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty eradication actions	1.b.1 Proportion of government recurrent and capital spending to sectors that disproportionately benefit women, the poor and vulnerable groups

Goal 8 – Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all

Targets	Indicators
8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national circumstances and, in particular, at least 7 per cent gross domestic product growth per annum in the least developed countries	8.1.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per capita
8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification, technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on high-value added and labor-intensive sectors	8.2.1 Annual growth rate of real GDP per employed person
8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small- and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial services	8.3.1 Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex
8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in consumption and production and endeavor to decouple economic growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-Year Framework of Programs on Sustainable Consumption and Production, with developed countries taking the lead	8.4.1 Material footprint, material footprint per capita, and material footprint per GDP 8.4.2 Domestic material consumption, domestic material consumption per capita, and domestic material consumption per GDP
8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all women and men, including for young people and persons with disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value	8.5.1 Average hourly earnings of female and male employees, by occupation, age and persons with disabilities 8.5.2 Unemployment rate, by sex, age and persons with disabilities
8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in employment, education or training	8.6.1 Proportion of youth (aged 15-24 years) not in education, employment or training
8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labor, end modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labor, including recruitment and use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labor in all its forms	8.7.1 Proportion and number of children aged 5-17 years engaged in child labor, by sex and age
8.8 Protect labor rights and promote safe and secure working environments for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, and those in precarious employment	8.8.1 Frequency rates of fatal and non-fatal occupational injuries, by sex and migrant status 8.8.2 Increase in national compliance of labor rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining) based on International Labor Organization (ILO) textual sources and national legislation, by sex and migrant status
8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products	8.9.1 Tourism direct GDP as a proportion of total GDP and in growth rate 8.9.2 Number of jobs in tourism industries as a proportion of total jobs and growth rate of jobs, by sex
8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all	8.10.1 Number of commercial bank branches and automated teller machines (ATMs) per 100,000 adults 8.10.2 Proportion of adults (15 years and older) with an account at a bank or other financial institution or with a mobile-money-service provider
8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-related Technical Assistance to Least Developed Countries	8.a.1 Aid for Trade commitments and disbursements
8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International Labor Organization	8.b.1 Total government spending in social protection and employment programs as a proportion of the national budgets and GDP

Goal 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts

Targets	Indicators
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries	13.1.1 Number of countries with national and local disaster risk reduction strategies 13.1.2 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 people
13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning	13.2.1 Number of countries that have communicated the establishment or operationalization of an integrated policy/strategy/plan which increases their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development in a manner that does not threaten food production (including a national adaptation plan, nationally determined contribution, national communication, biennial update report or other)
13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning	13.3.1 Number of countries that have integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary and tertiary curricula 13.3.2 Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions
13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible	13.a.1 Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year starting in 2020 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment
13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities	13.b.1 Number of least developed countries and small island developing States that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities

SDGs achievement in Morocco

Morocco has made a number of efforts in recent years to achieve some of the sustainable development goals but still there are a lot of issues and challenges. For SDG1, the dynamics of three indicators is presented below:

Proportion of population below the international poverty line (Fig. 1):

Fig. 1. Population living below the poverty line (%) in Morocco, in comparison with middle-income African countries

Resources allocated by the government directly to poverty reduction programs (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Resources allocated by the government directly to poverty reduction programs, in a form of annual grants in Morocco in comparison with other countries of the region.

Social spendings and their implications.

Fig. 3. Comparison of HDI due to social spendings in Morocco with other countries.

With regard to the SDG8, it should be noted that the unemployment rate in Morocco, having fallen to 9.2 percent in 2019 (down 6.12 percent compared to 2018), could rise to 15 percent this year (Jettou et al. 11). However, this phenomenon is associated with the current coronavirus pandemic. Moreover, it has nothing to do with the overall relative downward trend in unemployment in the country over the past decade (see Figure 4).

Fig. 4. Unemployment dynamics in Morocco, 1996-2018.

Annual growth rate of real GDP per is presented on Figure 5.

Fig. 5. Dynamics of annual growth rate of real GDP per capita in Morocco.

The real GDP growth is presented on Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Real GDP growth in Morocco (y-on-y, %), 2016-2019.

As to the SDG13, below, three indicators of its achievements are presented (Figures 7-9).

Fig. 7. Number of deaths in disasters in Morocco in comparison with other countries of the region.

Fig. 8. Number of people affected by disasters in Morocco in comparison with other countries of the region.

Finally, on Fig. 9, built with the help of specialized software, there is a depiction indicating the tendency of the countries with the highest HDI to have higher per capita ecological footprints.

Fig. 9. Ecological Footprint (y-axis) and Human Development Index (x-axis) framework for world countries (color-coded dots): the context of Morocco.

Works Cited

Jettou, Driss, et al. “Morocco’s Preparedness for the Implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030.” Kingdom of Morocco Court of Accounts, 2019, Web.

“Morocco’s New 2020 Budget Puts Social Services at Core of Priorities – Minister.” The North Africa Post, Web.

Sarr, Babacar, et al. “The Macroeconomic Effects of Labor and Product Market Reforms in Morocco.” IMF Working Papers, 2019. Web.

UN. “The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019.” Web.

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