Existing and Emerging Risks
Risks on the provision of Wood
There are numerous risks associated with the provision of wood as raw materials for publishing, construction and other related services. On the other hand, the construction sector, paper and publishing industry, production of pulp and other related fields gives a clear indication on the importance of wood and other byproducts on the efficiency of growth and development of numerous industries, institutions and states (O’Keohane & Olmstead 2007). This indicates that the risk increases when more trees are used in the construction, publishing and other related economic fields without having a relative increase in plantation (Chazdon 2008).
The conventional use of trees and rainforests is to assist in the production of food through the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen. In addition, the trees act as the supporters of the water cycle and the destruction of this result in adverse consequences. Research shows that the fertility level falls from the drying up of the moisture in the soil, evaporation of the effective nutrients, exposure of bacteria and a final wash away from rain and floods. Research indicates that the absorption and retaining of water by trees is an aspect that has been used in the effective completion of the life cycle of water (Turner & Daily 2008).
Risks on Regulating Services
A change in the water cycle and the facilitation of soil erosion leads to the changes in climate. From the above two risks, an intense and long term phenomenon can arise if the felling and usage of trees are not controlled (Kosoy, Corbera & Brown 2008). The production of food and the water cycle is facilitated through the absorption of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen in the atmosphere. This means that the changes in the natural life cycle and habitats cause huge risks in the ecosystem (Luck, Daily & Ehrlich 2003).
Risks on Educational and Cultural Services
There are different manmade effects of climate regulation that affects the ecosystem on a gradual basis. The regulation of temperatures, heat and humidity by individuals mostly in the urban areas acts as a platform for destruction of the natural temperatures and humidity levels. The depletion of rainforests through deforestation and extinction of natural species result in immense outcomes in the education services rendered to different people and institutions. The rainforest acts as an education platform for people due to the existence of different and numerous animal and plant species that coexist for years. Destruction of these areas will produce an equal effect on the education fraternity, especially in research practices.
Factors Leading to Degradation of Ecosystems
There are various existing and emerging risks that affect the ecosystem negatively, thus resulting in a need for immediate action to control these risks. This causes the loss in soil fertility and degradation of the fertility levels (Chazdon 2008). Research shows that the fertility level falls from the drying up of the moisture in the soil and evaporation of the effective nutrients. The drastic change in the natural cycle of water, plants, water table and forests definitely results in the adverse changes and alterations in the ecosystem.
The water bodies, atmosphere and water table changes due to the adverse changes in the ecosystem through forest demolishing and related effects on the water catchment areas. Consequently, the change in the water catchment areas, forests and natural habitats results in loss of animals and some plant species. The Indonesian rainforest acts as one of the numerous areas where there exist effective habitats for more than 80 percent of the different species of animals and plant worldwide (Van Beukering, Cesar & Janssen 2003).
The use of the Indonesian forests as educational grounds acts as one of the risks experienced by the different species. The education fraternity and the forest control departments should ensure that clear guidelines and regulations are provided to the participating students, learners and tutors. Research practitioners provide different forms of risks that are generated because of the excessive and irresponsible felling of trees.
Economic Value
Implementation of Tradeoffs in Provision of Ecosystems
Various tradeoffs can be implemented to control the immense occurrence of risks in the ecosystem and the establishment of the provisioning services. This can be achieved through enacting rules and regulations to govern the intense effects on the natural habitats and the Indonesian rainforest. Thus control in deforestation limits the chances of forest extinction and depletion.
There are alternatives to the climate regulation procedures enacted by people which results in the depletion of forests. This means that the population should focus on establishing and using alternatives means of publication, construction and related fields other than relying on the resources from forests and related natural habitats. Finally, the use of rainforests as educational facilities for different research organizations and institutions should be limited and caution withheld in the provision of knowledge and survival of forests. On the other hand, improved ways of facilitating the allocation of manmade forests and tree planting to cater to the needs of the people should be enhanced in the provision of adequate facilities in development and growth.
Failure in the Market
Provision of wood as the raw material for construction, printing and in the production of other services and products in development and growth can result in market failure. Wood can be termed as readily available due to the availability of numerous acres of forests, but immediate extinction can lead to adverse changes in the ecosystem. The variation in the market on the availability of wood depends on the sources and on the rules and regulations indicated by the governmental directives. Ineffective market prices result from a lack of the required materials (Luck, Daily & Ehrlich 2003).
Market and Government Roles
There are numerous economic benefits that can be associated with the use of the Indonesian rainforest as a source of wood, a regulator of climate and in the educational facilities. The forest is full of hardwood trees that are usually costly and effective for different construction aspects. Consequently, there are readily available softwoods and other perennial plants that can be economically beneficial to the visitors, users and population of the Indonesian government. On the other hand, serious measures should be established in the maintenance and control of the forest and ecosystem.
Conclusion
In conclusion, there are numerous economic benefits that can be associated with the usage of trees from forests as raw materials for economic growth and advancement (Van Beukering, Cesar & Janssen 2003). On the other hand, the Indonesian state should limit the usage of forests, water catchment areas and govern the endangered species in the facilitation of adequate ecosystem. From this study, it is clear that the fear of environmental degradation is the key obstacle in the provision of intense impacts on the forests.
References
Chazdon, RL 2008, Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands, science, vol. 320, no. 5882, pp. 1458-1460.
Kosoy, N, Corbera, E & Brown, K 2008, Participation in payments for ecosystem services: case studies from the Lacandon rainforest, Mexico, Geoforum, Vol. 39, no. 6, pp. 2073-2083.
Luck, GW, Daily, GC & Ehrlich, PR 2003, Population diversity and ecosystem services, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol. 18, no. 7, pp. 331-336.
O’Keohane, N & Olmstead, S 2007, Markets and the Environment, Island Press, Washington DC.
Turner, RK, & Daily, GC 2008, The ecosystem services framework and natural capital conservation, Environmental and Resource Economics, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 25-35.
Van Beukering, PJ, Cesar, HS & Janssen, MA 2003, Economic valuation of the Leuser National Park on Sumatra, Indonesia, Ecological economics, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 43-62.