Introduction
A rectal drug delivery is a virtue by which a definite cure is administered by means of anal route, so that to achieve desired effect for patients. It is made with the help of rectal drug delivery devices for straightforward and continuous intake of pharmaceuticals.
History of the Route of Drug Delivery
The history of rectal administration practicing is known to be first implemented by various tribes in order to perform main rituals with appropriate physical effects. Balché, alcohol, tobacco, peyote, and other hallucinogenic drugs and entheogens were used as the effective treatments or activators in order to achieve a desired outcome after initiation. [1] During last few centuries people began thoroughly develop their knowledge as of medicine. One of the main things touched upon the effectiveness of the cure within examined routs. Many scientists and doctors from the eighteenth till twentieth centuries thought that many of diseases were caused by the accumulation of fecal. [2]
Drug delivery can be intruded into the organism by several ways (routes). Most common methods of delivery include the preferred non-invasive peroral (through the mouth), topical (skin), transmucosal (nasal, buccal/sublingual, vaginal, ocular and rectal) and inhalation routes. [3]
Devices used to Achieve Drug Delivery
Drug delivery devices are the specific means for ingestion of a pharmaceutical medicine through a definite route of administration. The main approaches about designing drug delivery devices are connected with micro patterned structures. Microelectronics and biotechnologies are used to invent and provide current and new devices.
According to rectal drug delivery the main device is still enema. Doing of such procedure, first, presupposes extracting feces out of colon so that to clean the rectal region for better absorption of the pharmaceuticals. [4]
Advantages and Disadvantages of the Route
Advantages
Provides better work of bowel, prevents constipation; can be administered to an unconscious patient; can be given to patients having gastrointestinal upset such as diarrhea and vomiting etc. [5]
Disadvantages
Absorption may be uncertain and action is usually delayed. It may also cause intestinal rupture. Due to the possible stimulation of vagus nerve enema may provoke the emergence of such illness as an arrhythmia.
Biopharmaceutical Barriers to Drug Absorption
There is a wide range of precautions for people with different defects of current work of abdomen, heart, intestine; such limitations do not favor intensive cure by means of rectal intake.
Current Products/Devices on the Market
Producers of pharmaceuticals can propose to the potential patients different types of enemas as the main device for rectal administration: Bag or Fountain enema, Closed or Bottle Enema, Higginson Enema, Bulb Enema etc.
References
- Diamond, Jared M. (1992). The Third Chimpanzee: The Evolution and Future of the Human Animal (P.S.). New York, N.Y: Harper Perennial. pp. 432. ISBN 0-06-084550-3.; pp. 201
- Whorton J (2000). “Civilisation and the colon: constipation as the “disease of diseases””. BMJ 321 (7276): 1586–9.
- de Boer AG, Moolenaar F, de Leede LG, Breimer DD (1982). “Rectal drug administration: clinical pharmacokinetic considerations”. Clin Pharmacokinet 7 (4): 285–311.
- Types of drug delivery (route) system.