Requirement for Safe Non-Opioid and Opioid Prescription Essay (Critical Writing)

Agencies that Regulate and Oversee APRN Prescribing in New Mexico

New Mexico Board of Nursing

The Board of Nursing in New Mexico plays a fundamental role in regulating the prescriptive authority or mandate for the Advanced-Practice-Nurses (APRNs). The above-mentioned organization typically evaluates the credentials required for the APRNs to undertake the role of prescribing opioid and non-opioid drugs and substances (“APRN endorsement,” 2020). At the same time, the Board of Nursing in New Mexico carries out assessments of the APRNs’ capacity to understand the practice of pharmacology, clinical diagnosis, physical examinations, and pharmacotherapeutics (“APRN endorsement,” 2020). The motive behind the nursing board’s actions in the state of New Mexico premises on the promotion of safety and health needs of the citizens or patients.

New Mexico Nurse Practitioner Council

The Nurse Practitioner Council registered in the State of New Mexico is keen on overseeing their members’ professional requirements while ensuring that the actions of the APRNs are in line with the set guidelines for the prescriptive authority outlined in the state (“APRN endorsement,” 2020). Understandably, it monitors the APRNs’ roles and offers guidance on effective compliance and safety practice when handling prescriptions for patients. The need for physical assessments of the patients by the APRNs is a crucial aspect of the oversight on prescriptive authority granted to their members to ensure that the risk profile associated with substance overdoses and abuse reduces significantly.

New Mexico Association of Nurse Anesthetics

The Nurse Anesthetics’ Association in New Mexico is a strategic player in regulating the prescribing authority granted to the members of the professional association body. The association focuses on the adherence to the best practice given to the APRNs due to the sensitivity involved in the prescription of controlled and uncontrolled substances in the state of New Mexico. The body regulates the anesthetics’ professional mandate within various medical facilities and drug outlets in the state (“APRN endorsements,” 2020). The checks and verification on the education requirements set for the licensure of the prescriptive authority accorded to the APRNs are at the heart of the Nurse Anesthetics Association’s actions and procedures in the state of New Mexico.

America Midwifery Certification Board (AMCB)

In essence, the practicing Certified-Nurse-Midwives (CNMs) in the state of New Mexico operate under the recommendation and regulation of the AMCB. The AMCB has networks that touch on all strategic states in the United States of America. For their prescriptive roles in the course of their practice, the board requires that the CNMs should uphold all the set guidelines for the prescription of substances in a bid to limit the risks and fatalities that may result from overdoses, abuse, and inappropriate prescription to patients (“APRN endorsement,” 2020). The AMCB in New Mexico oversees the qualification of the CNMs and their appropriateness in taking up the roles associated with prescriptive authority according to the regulations established by the state.

American Nurses Credentialing Center

Without a doubt, the Credentialling Center in charge of monitoring and ascertaining American nurses’ educational qualifications, helps in the regulation of the prescriptive capacities of their members in the state of New Mexico. The academic requirements established for the APRNs in the State of New Mexico undergo evaluations and ascertainment by the credentialing center. The center guides members on the high-priority qualifications- to facilitate the issuance of prescriptive authority – especially in pharmacology, clinical diagnosis, and pharmacotherapeutics (“APRN endorsement,” 2020). Similarly, the credentialing center ensures that the members’ certification and academic qualifications are accurate, legitimate, and reliable; hence, the entity helps to certify and regulate the prescribing role granted to the APRNs in New Mexico.

American Association of Nurse Practitioners

The Nurse Practitioner Association in the United States contributes significantly to the management of APRNs’ prescribing role in the state of New Mexico. Understandably, the association guides the members on the appropriate academic and professional programs undertaken for the smooth certification process, given the prescriptive authority of the APRNs in the state of New Mexico. Further, the association helps in the oversight role in regulating the prescribing mandate of the members by ascertaining their worthiness and qualifications towards prescriptive authority (“APRN endorsement,” 2020). Again, the body empowers its members and educates them on the appropriate methods and approaches applied in prescription controlled and uncontrolled substances in the State of New Mexico.

Educational Requirements for Prescribing as an APRN

APRNs (Advanced-Practice-Nurses) are granted prescriptive authority based on the outlined state requirements to ensure that the health and safety concerns are satisfactory. Indeed, the independent control for prescription allows the APRNs to carry out prescriptive roles on the controlled and legend or prescription drugs within the state (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Further, it enables the APRN to handle medical goods, supplies, and equipment required in the process of prescription. An NP (Nurse-Practitioner) and a NA (Nurse-Anesthesiologist) must clock 400 hours regarding preceptorship for them to be granted prescriptive authority in New Mexico and other states (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Additionally, the requirement is pardonable if the NP and NA have undergone 400 hours of practical experience in a prescriptive environment.

For clinical nurses (CN), the educational requirement established for them requires that they undertake advanced coursework that is easily verifiable in pharmacology, pathophysiology, and assessment. Again, the CN must provide proof of work experience, which may substitute for a university-oriented preceptorship under supervision (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Agreeably, the set licensing authority mandated to oversee prescriptive authority may accept 45-hours given continuing education related to advanced coursework in the area of pharmacology. In this regard, a CN who lacks verifiable work experience of 400 hours may undergo authorization regarding preceptorship when he or she completes the relevant advanced coursework set for the license (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). The specialist CNs who lack the required work experience in an environment of prescriptive capacity require the licensing authority to have undertaken advanced coursework in pharmacology.

APRNs must clock 45 hours of relevant advanced pharmacology and requisite training in clinical management established for drug therapy. Indeed, a 6-month long program on work experience under the supervision of a physician is required, coupled with advanced coursework in the field of pharmacology (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Again, for APRNs to have the capacity to prescribe Schedule II- oriented substances (controlled), they are required to undertake a complete educational program on the prescription of Schedule II substances that are held. Three-semester-long course work in advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology coupled with training on physical assessment needs the APRNs to get certification in prescriptive authority. Besides, APRNs need to undertake coursework in pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacology, and health assessment (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). The training helps them develop the capacity to handle patient needs and reduce the risks associated with prescription controlled substances in the United States.

Further coursework in advanced management and diagnosis of patient problems within a clinical specialty environment is a prerequisite. Understandably, the prescriptive authority accorded to the APRNs is set for renewal on a biennial basis with evaluations on the requirements based on the time of service (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). For APRNs who have not been in clinical practice for more than 24 months, the licensing authority mandates them to undertake 24 hours of advanced continuous education (CE) (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). The CE division is set for at least 12 hours in the field of clinical management and another 12 hours in the area of pharmacotherapeutics.

Without a doubt, the licensing process or program for APRNs is critical for the achievement of uniformity given the regulatory requirements established for the prescriptive authority in consideration of non-opioid and opioid-oriented substances (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Further, the educational needs in advanced pharmacology, physical assessment coupled with diagnosis, and pharmacotherapeutics enable the APRNs to mitigate against the safety and health risks associated with an inappropriate prescription for controlled and non-controlled substances (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Moreover, the physical assessment and set diagnosis help the APRNs understand the medical history of the patients and their state of physical health before offering any prescriptions for drugs and substances.

Differences in Regulation between New Mexico and California

New Mexico

For APRNs to have the capacity to prescribe Schedule II- oriented substances (controlled), they are required to undertake a complete educational program on the prescription of Schedule II substances that are regulated. Three-semester-long course work in advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology coupled with training on physical assessment needs the APRNs to get certification in prescriptive authority. Besides, APRNs need to undertake coursework in pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacology, and health assessment (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). The training helps them to develop the capacity to handle patient needs and reduce the risks associated with the prescription of controlled substances in the State of New Mexico.

Profoundly, the independent authority for prescription allows the APRNs to carry out prescriptive roles on the controlled and legend or prescription drugs within the state. Further, it enables the APRN to handle medical goods, supplies, and equipment required in the process of prescription. An NP (Nurse-Practitioner) and a NA (Nurse-Anesthesiologist) must clock 400 hours regarding preceptorship for them to be granted prescriptive authority in New Mexico and other states (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Additionally, the requirement is pardonable if the NP and NA have undergone 400 hours of practical experience in a prescriptive environment.

Taking consideration clinical nurses (CN), the educational requirement established for them requires that they undertake advanced coursework that is easily verifiable in the areas of pharmacology, pathophysiology, and assessment (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Again, the CN must provide proof of work experience, which may be substituted for a university-oriented preceptorship under supervision. Agreeably, the set licensing authority mandated to oversee prescriptive authority may accept 45-hours given continuing education related to advanced coursework in the area of pharmacology. In this regard, a CN who lacks verifiable work experience of 400 hours may undergo authorization regarding preceptorship when he or she completes the relevant advanced coursework set for the license (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). The specialist CNs who lack the required work experience with an environment of prescriptive capacity is needed for the licensing authority to have undertaken advanced coursework in pharmacology.

Indeed, the prescriptive authority accorded to the APRNs is set for renewal on a biennial basis with evaluations of the requirements based on service time. For APRNs who have not been in clinical practice for more than 24 months, the licensing authority mandates them to undertake 24 hours of advanced continuous education (CE) (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). The CE division is set for at least 12 hours in the field of clinical management and another 12 hours in the area of pharmacotherapeutics. Without a doubt, the licensing process or program for the APRNs is critical for the achievement of uniformity given the regulatory requirements established for the prescriptive authority in consideration of non-opioid and opioid-oriented substances. Further, the educational needs in advanced pharmacology, physical assessment coupled with diagnosis, and pharmacotherapeutics enable the APRNs to mitigate against safety and health risks (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Indeed, they are associated with an inappropriate prescription for controlled and non-controlled substances.

California

An NP (Nurse-Practitioner) and a NA (Nurse-Anesthesiologist) must clock about 350 hours regarding preceptorship for them to be granted prescriptive authority in New Mexico and other states. Additionally, the requirement is pardonable if the NP and NA have undergone about 350 hours of practical experience in a prescriptive environment (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). For clinical nurses (CN), the educational requirement established for them requires that they undertake advanced coursework that is easily verifiable in pharmacology, pathophysiology, and assessment. The CN must provide proof of work experience, which may be substituted for a university-oriented preceptorship under supervision (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). Agreeably, the set licensing authority mandated to oversee prescriptive authority may accept 35-hours given continuing education related to advanced coursework in the area of pharmacology.

Indeed, it is required that APRNs must have clocked 45 hours of relevant advanced pharmacology and requisite training in clinical management established for drug therapy. Indeed, a 6-month long program on work experience under the supervision of a physician is required, coupled with advanced coursework in the field of pharmacology. Besides, APRNs need to undertake coursework in pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacology, and health assessment (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). The training helps them develop the capacity to handle patient needs and reduce the risks associated with prescription controlled substances in the United States.

Agreeably, further coursework in advanced management and diagnosis of patient problems within a clinical specialty environment is a prerequisite. Understandably, the prescriptive authority accorded to the APRNs is set for renewal on a biennial basis with evaluations on the requirements based on the time of service (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). For the APRNs who have not been in the area of clinical practice for more than two (2) years, the licensing authority mandates them to undertake 20 hours of advanced continuous education.

Actions Required to Prescribe in California

Fundamentally, the licensing process or program for the APRNs in California is critical for the achievement of uniformity given the regulatory requirements established for the prescriptive authority in consideration of non-opioid and opioid-oriented substances. Further, the educational needs in advanced pharmacology, physical assessment coupled with diagnosis, and pharmacotherapeutics enable the APRNs to mitigate against the safety and health risks associated with an inappropriate prescription for controlled and non-controlled substances (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). Moreover, the physical assessment and set diagnosis help the APRNs understand the medical history of the patients and their state of physical health before offering any prescription.

Essentially, for APRNs in California, a 6-month long program on work experience under the supervision of a physician is required, coupled with advanced coursework in the field of pharmacology. Again, for APRNs to have the capacity to prescribe Schedule II- oriented substances (controlled), they are required to undertake a complete educational program on the prescription of Schedule II substances, which are held (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). Three-semester-long course work in advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology coupled with training on physical assessment needs the APRNs to get certification on prescriptive authority. Besides, APRNs need to undertake coursework in pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacology, and health assessment.

Profoundly, in California, the prescriptive authority accorded to the APRNs is set for renewal on a biennial basis with evaluations on the requirements based on the time of service. For the APRNs who have not been in clinical practice for more than 24 months, the licensing authority mandates them to undertake 24 hours of advanced continuous education (CE). The CE division is set for at least 12 hours in the field of clinical management and another 12 hours in the area of pharmacotherapeutics (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). The training helps them to develop the capacity to handle patient needs and reduce the risks associated with the prescription of controlled substances in the State of California.

In the State of California, a Clinical Nurse (CN) who lacks verifiable work experience of about 350 hours may undergo authorization regarding preceptorship when he or she completes relevant advanced coursework set for the license. The specialist CNs who lack the required work experience with an environment of prescriptive capacity is needed for the licensing authority to have undertaken advanced coursework in pharmacology. Considering the training and educational requirements, advanced coursework related to the areas of pharmacology, pathophysiology, and assessment is critical. Again, the CN must provide proof of work experience, which may be substituted for a university-oriented preceptorship under supervision (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). Agreeably, the set licensing authority mandated to oversee prescriptive authority may accept 35-hours given continuing education related to advanced coursework in the area of pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics.

In California, the independent authority for prescription allows the APRNs to carry out prescriptive roles on the controlled and legend or prescription drugs within the state. Further, it enables the APRN to handle medical goods, supplies, and equipment required in the process of prescription (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). An NP (Nurse-Practitioner) and a NA (Nurse-Anesthesiologist) must clock about 350 hours concerning preceptorship for them to be granted prescriptive authority in New Mexico and other states. Additionally, the requirement is pardonable if the NP and NA have undergone about 350 hours of practical experience in a prescriptive work environment.

Controlled Substances Regulations in New Mexico and DEA Registration-Process

Substance-Regulations

For the state of New Mexico, APRNs are mandated to have clocked 45 hours of relevant advanced pharmacology and requisite training in clinical management established for drug therapy. They should also have a 6-month long program on work experience under the supervision of a physician is required, coupled with advanced coursework in the field of pharmacology. Again, for APRNs to have the capacity to prescribe Schedule II- oriented substances (controlled), they are required to undertake a complete educational program on the prescription of Schedule II substances, which are held.

A consideration involving a three semester-long course work in advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology coupled with training on physical assessment is needed for the APRNs to get certification on prescriptive authority. Besides, APRNS needs to undertake coursework in pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacology, and health assessment (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). The training helps them develop the capacity to handle patient needs and reduce the risks associated with the prescription of controlled substances in the United States.

Further coursework in advanced management and diagnosis of patient problems within a clinical specialty environment is a prerequisite. The prescriptive authority accorded to the APRNs is set for renewal on a biennial basis with evaluations on the requirements based on the time of service (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). For APRNs who have not been in clinical practice for more than 24 months, the licensing authority mandates that they undertake 24 hours of advanced continuous education (CE) (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). The CE division is set for at least 12 hours in the field of clinical management and another 12 hours for the area of pharmacotherapeutics.

DEA Registration

The registration procedure for my DEA (Drug-Enforcement-Agency) identity number shall involve the following steps. First, I must start by obtaining an order form (official) by making an online application on the Department-of-Justice website in the United States (Nursing-Licensure, 2020). Alternatively, I may opt to call the Registry Department at the DEA Headquarters using a tool-free line. Further, I may consider consulting a DEA Field Office concerned with registration and requesting a hard copy of the registration document (form). Within a matter of ten (10) business days, my mailing of the paper will have been completed (“Advanced practice nurse requirements in California,” n.d.). After that, I am required to submit a formal requisition form that is dully filled, Form 222a (DEA), for mailing to the registrant within 30 days and wait for my DEA number.

A Summary of the Main Concepts for CDC Module 1 and Module 4

Module 1

Undoubtedly, the 1^st module from CDC (Centers-for-Disease-Control-and-Prevention) focuses on the strategies and approaches to addressing the opioid epidemic in the United States. Indeed, the module provides insightful guidelines from the CDC on the prescription guidelines for the effective and safe use of prescription opioids (“Interactive training series,” 2020). Further, the module outlines recommendations that apply to opioids in the management and treatment of acute pain. The module asserts that there are severe impacts that emerge from the use of opioid doses, and they have contributed negatively to the adversity of the epidemic. One of the module speakers outlines that the opioid epidemic has resulted in about 180 000 deaths in the United States (“Interactive training series,” 2020). The module recommends that the APRNs and other primary caregivers take professional caution as they prescribe opioid-oriented medication.

Furthermore, the module affirms that CDC is keen on protecting the American people’s safety and health by mitigating the health risks that may arise from inappropriate doses of opioid drugs. Indeed, addiction from the use of a prescription opioid is a critical concern within the American healthcare system (“Interactive training series,” 2020). A majority of the primary caregivers defend their position on the recommendation of prescription opioids for the management (treatment) of acute pain in patients. However, experts from the CDC argue that there are more effective methods and approaches that can be applied in managing pain among patients without causing severe harm to the patients’ health (“Interactive training series,” 2020). For instance, the use of therapy is a promising approach to the alleviation of pain in patients.

CDC highlights that the challenge of inadequate training for the healthcare professionals serving within the primary care setting presents a challenging position in managing the administration of prescription opioids. In this regard, primary caregivers must know the following aspects: when to initiate a dosage, the appropriate selection of the dose and the specific time of prescription, and assessment of the potential harm presented by the opioid.

Module 4

Certainly, module 4 premises on reducing the risks associated with the use of opioids. Besides, the module is keen on communicating the need to apply the CDC’s comprehensive guidelines related to prescription opioids ((“Interactive training series,” 2020). One of the essential highlights of the module has to be the discussion of the fundamental strategies applied to the mitigation of risks associated with or linked to the use of opioids. Further, monitoring programs for the patients who have taken subscriptions for an opioid feature in the module (“Interactive training series,” 2020). The CDC guidelines direct medical care professionals, especially the primary caregivers, to evaluate the patients’ medical history before taking action on prescription opioids.

Moreover, the CDC guidelines on prescription opioids recommend that undertaking a physical examination of a patient before prescribing an opioid helps mitigate health risks linked to opioid use. In the module, healthcare professionals are advised to fathom scenarios or situations that may be potentially risky to the health outcomes of a patient who may be on a dose of opioid therapy (“Interactive training series,” 2020). Risk analysis (assessment) has been discussed in the module whereby caregivers have been guided to use clinical tests and tools to mitigate and reduce health risks arising from opioid use. PDMP (Prescription-Drug-Monitoring-Program) features an effective strategy in the process of decision-making within the clinical setting for the administration of prescription opioids (“Interactive training series,” 2020). Further, UDT (Urine-Drug-Testing) features as an additional test for patients before they are subjected to opioid therapy; hence, the objective of risk mitigation is eliminated.

Without a doubt, the enhancement of strategies for opioids prescription shall ensure that patients will be in a position to access reliable, more effective, and safer treatment for acute or chronic pain. Moreover, the strategy shall reduce opioid overdose, abuse, and misuse (“Interactive training series,” 2020). Precisely, the various tests on the patients, UDTs, and PDMPs have a goal of promoting patient safety by providing updated and timely data on potentially dangerous combinations and identifying the number of prescribers linked to the patient.

Plan for Implementing Safe Prescribing Practices as an APRN

Premise on State’s Guidelines

As an ARPN, I will have to clock 45 hours of relevant advanced pharmacology and requisite training in clinical management established for drug therapy. Besides, I will take a 6-month long program on work experience under the supervision of a physician coupled with advanced coursework in pharmacology. Again, as an APRN, for me to have the capacity to prescribe Schedule II- oriented substances (controlled), I will be required to undertake a complete educational program on the prescription of Schedule II substances which are held (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Indeed, I will consider taking three (3) semester-long course work in advanced pathophysiology and pharmacology, coupled with training on physical assessment to facilitate my certification on prescriptive authority by the state of New Mexico. Besides, it is essential for me as an APRN to undertake comprehensive coursework in pharmacotherapeutics, pharmacology, and health assessment (“Advanced practice nurse requirements,” n.d.). Indeed, the training will help me to develop the capacity to handle patient needs and reduce the risks associated with the prescription of controlled substances in the state of New Mexico.

Premise on CDC Opioid-Guidelines

According to the objectives set in Module 1, I shall endeavor to follow the strategies and approaches to be applied in addressing the opioid epidemic (prevalence) in the United States. Further, borrowing from the 1^st module, I shall gather insightful guidelines from the CDC on the prescription procedures for the effective and safe use of prescription opioids (“Interactive training series,” 2020). Besides, given pain treatment, I plan to obey the 1^st module’s recommendations that apply to opioids in managing and treating acute pain. I shall be careful to reduce the severe impacts that emerge from the use of opioid doses and know that they have contributed negatively to the adversity of the epidemic. Understanding that the opioid prevalence or epidemic has resulted in about 180 000 deaths in the United States (“Interactive training series,” 2020), I shall keenly adhere to the 1^st module’s recommendation on the need for APRNs and other healthcare professionals to take professional judgment while prescribing opioid-oriented medication.

Without a doubt, I will be prudent in protecting the American people’s safety and health by mitigating the health risks that may arise from inappropriate doses of opioid drugs. I am fully cognizant of the premise that addiction from the use of a prescription opioid is a critical concern within the American healthcare system (“Interactive training series,” 2020). I will adhere to the CDC experts’ advice on the consideration of more effective methods and approaches that can be applied in managing pain among patients without causing severe harm to their health of the patients. In my plan, I shall focus on using therapy as a promising approach to alleviating pain in patients (“Interactive training series,” 2020). As a forward-looking APRN, I shall acquire knowledge of the following aspects: when to initiate a dosage, the appropriate selection of the dose and the specific time of prescription, and assessment of the potential harm presented by the opioid.

Considering the recommendation established in the 4^th module by CDC, I shall be committed to reducing the risks linked (associated) with the use of opioids. Besides, I will be keen on communicating the need to apply the CDC’s comprehensive guidelines relating to the prescription of opioids to my peers serving as APRNs in various facilities across New Mexico and the United States in general (“Interactive training series,” 2020). From the understanding of the 4^th module guidelines, I shall familiarize myself with the fundamental strategies applied toward the mitigation of risks associated with or linked to the use of opioids. Again, I will endeavor to undertake monitoring programs for the patients who have taken subscriptions for opioids (“Interactive training series,” 2020). As an APRN or medical-care professional, I will evaluate the patients’ medical history before taking action on prescription opioids.

Based on the CDC’s 4^th module, my plan will involve undertaking a physical examination of a patient before prescribing an opioid; thus, helping to mitigate health risks linked to opioid use. From the lessons in the module, I shall analyze scenarios or situations that may be potentially risky to the health outcomes of a patient who may be on a dose of opioid therapy (“Interactive training series,” 2020). As an APRN, a risk assessment will be a primary consideration for my practice since I will undertake clinical tests and use tools to mitigate and reduce health risks arising from opioid use. I will carry out PDMPs (Prescription-Drug-Monitoring-Program) as an essential strategy in decision-making within the clinical setting for the administration of prescription opioids (“Interactive training series,” 2020). Again, my plan will incorporate UDT (Urine-Drug-Testing) as an additional test for patients before they are subjected to opioid therapy; hence, eliminating any medical or health risks.

References

Advanced practice nurse requirements in New Mexico (n.d.). NursingLicensure.

Advanced practice nurse requirements in California (n.d.). NursingLicensure.

APRN endorsement(2020). New Mexico Board of Nursing.

Interactive training series for healthcare providers: Applying CDC’s guideline for prescribing opioid (2020). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.