Salmonella Infection and Its Potential Sources Case Study

Exclusively available on Available only on IvyPanda® Made by Human No AI

The main risk factors for Salmonella infection in the Caribbean outbreak are eating raw or undercooked eggs (Stehr-Green, 2004). Other studies identify that direct contact with domestic animals, particularly poultry, is also a risk factor (Djeffal et al., 2018; Dang-Xuan et al., 2019). The main factor contributing to infection is the close proximity of domestic birds to the place of food production. Additional risk factors are poor hygiene and the consumption of contaminated water (Stehr-Green, 2004; Djeffal et al., 2018; Dang-Xuan et al., 2019). A key aspect of outbreak prevention is maintaining hygiene in pet and poultry farms and ensuring access to clean water. Insufficient sanitation of domestic animals and poultry houses is a major risk factor for the development of Salmonella and its transmission to humans through eggs and meat.

Salmonella is usually transmitted to humans through the consumption of contaminated food, particularly eggs and meat from poultry and domestic animals. Additionally, Salmonella can be transmitted to humans through direct contact with pets (Djeffal et al., 2018). Another important route of transmission is through drinking contaminated water (Stehr-Green, 2004; Dang-Xuan et al., 2019). It is also important that insufficient hygiene of food workers (insufficient handwashing) can cause infection transmission.

To calculate the incidence rate, it is necessary to divide the number of cases by the population at risk. Therefore, it is additionally necessary to find the size of the population that inhabited Trinidad and Tobago in each of the years. Between 1988 and 1997, the population of Trinidad and Tobago was about 1.200.000 people (1.204.000-1.259.000) (Trinidad and Tobago population, n.d). To calculate the incidence rate, it is necessary to divide the number of new cases by the population size. To find the average value for the period, you need to find the average value of the number of new cases over ten years. For the period from 1988 to 1997 in Trinidad and Tobago, the average Salmonella incidence rate was 9.08 per 100.000. The annual prevalence rate per 100,000 people is presented in Table 1; the average prevalence rate for the period from 1988 to 1997 is 0,0092%.

Year1988198919901991199219931994199519961997
Prevalence Rate (%)0,00430,00370,00430,0070,01130,00950,01080,01160,0170,0116

Tab. 1. The prevalence of Salmonella in Trinidad and Tobago population from 1988-1997.

The case study report identifies that an average of 4 people per year died from Salmonella infection (Stehr-Green, 2004). To find the mortality rate, it is necessary to divide the number of deaths by the population at risk. Thus, it is necessary to divide 4 by 1.200.000, which equals 0.000003. Therefore, the annual mortality rate from Salmonella infection in Trinidad and Tobago was 0.0003%.

The case study also presents odds ratios that allow associations to be made between a potential source of infection and the disease. Thus, the strongest correlation exists between infection and eating food with raw or undercooked eggs. This means that this method of infection is the most common. Eating shell eggs is also a common potential method of infection, but the odds ratio for it is almost twice lower. Odds ratios for ground beef, powdered milk, and live chickens exposure range from 1.3 to 1.5, which identifies a low risk of infection from them. Finally, storage and consumption of eggs from the refrigerator have the lowest odds ratios. Thus, the most common potential sources of infection are the consumption of raw and undercooked eggs, as well as the consumption of shell eggs.

References

Dang-Xuan, S., Nguyen-Viet, H., Pham-Duc, P., Ungerm F., Tran-Thi, N., Grace, D., & Makita, K. (2019). International Journal of Food Microbiology, 290, 105-115. Web.

Djeffal, S., Mamache, B., Elgroud, R., Hireche, S., & Bouaziz, O. (2018). Veterinary World, 11(8), 1102-1108. Web.

Stehr-Green, J. K. (2004). Salmonella in the Caribbean.

(n.d). Worldometer. Web.

More related papers Related Essay Examples
Cite This paper
You're welcome to use this sample in your assignment. Be sure to cite it correctly

Reference

IvyPanda. (2022, December 27). Salmonella Infection and Its Potential Sources. https://ivypanda.com/essays/salmonella-infection-and-its-potential-sources/

Work Cited

"Salmonella Infection and Its Potential Sources." IvyPanda, 27 Dec. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/salmonella-infection-and-its-potential-sources/.

References

IvyPanda. (2022) 'Salmonella Infection and Its Potential Sources'. 27 December.

References

IvyPanda. 2022. "Salmonella Infection and Its Potential Sources." December 27, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/salmonella-infection-and-its-potential-sources/.

1. IvyPanda. "Salmonella Infection and Its Potential Sources." December 27, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/salmonella-infection-and-its-potential-sources/.


Bibliography


IvyPanda. "Salmonella Infection and Its Potential Sources." December 27, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/salmonella-infection-and-its-potential-sources/.

If, for any reason, you believe that this content should not be published on our website, please request its removal.
Updated:
This academic paper example has been carefully picked, checked and refined by our editorial team.
No AI was involved: only quilified experts contributed.
You are free to use it for the following purposes:
  • To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
  • As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
  • As a template for you assignment
Privacy Settings

IvyPanda uses cookies and similar technologies to enhance your experience, enabling functionalities such as:

  • Basic site functions
  • Ensuring secure, safe transactions
  • Secure account login
  • Remembering account, browser, and regional preferences
  • Remembering privacy and security settings
  • Analyzing site traffic and usage
  • Personalized search, content, and recommendations
  • Displaying relevant, targeted ads on and off IvyPanda

Please refer to IvyPanda's Cookies Policy and Privacy Policy for detailed information.

Required Cookies & Technologies
Always active

Certain technologies we use are essential for critical functions such as security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and ensuring the site operates correctly for browsing and transactions.

Site Customization

Cookies and similar technologies are used to enhance your experience by:

  • Remembering general and regional preferences
  • Personalizing content, search, recommendations, and offers

Some functions, such as personalized recommendations, account preferences, or localization, may not work correctly without these technologies. For more details, please refer to IvyPanda's Cookies Policy.

Personalized Advertising

To enable personalized advertising (such as interest-based ads), we may share your data with our marketing and advertising partners using cookies and other technologies. These partners may have their own information collected about you. Turning off the personalized advertising setting won't stop you from seeing IvyPanda ads, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive.

Personalized advertising may be considered a "sale" or "sharing" of the information under California and other state privacy laws, and you may have the right to opt out. Turning off personalized advertising allows you to exercise your right to opt out. Learn more in IvyPanda's Cookies Policy and Privacy Policy.

1 / 1