Introduction
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common type of lupus, an autoimmune disease that may affect any organ or tissue in the body. The essence of this condition is the instability of the immune system and the possibility of attacks within the body (Fava and Petri 1). SLE is a serious and dangerous disease, and people must know its causes, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.
Causes
One of the most important issues in understanding the disease is the identification of its causes. Although there is no clear information, it is recommended to investigate environmental, genetic, or hormonal factors (Fava and Petri 1). Such triggers as smoking, infections (Epstein-Barr virus), or exposure to mercury or silica may provoke SLE (Fava and Petri 2). However, the conditions under which the immune system attacks tissues may vary, provoking further investigations.
Current Research
Many individuals and organizations are involved in researching the issues related to the chosen disease. There are many short- and long-term complications related to SLE, and some of them are negative changes in life quality, limited physical and mental functioning, and even employment challenges (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). In 2012, the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics criteria were introduced to identify at least one clinical and one immunologic criterion like anemia, leukemia, serositis, or hypocomplementemia (Fava and Petri 6). The studies help people recognize SLE early to be properly treated.
Symptoms
In SLE patients, the symptoms are skin rash, fatigue, and fever. In most cases, sick people experience pain and joint swelling (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Depending on the severity of the disease and the possibility of other chronic conditions, arthritis, heart or lung problems, seizures, and psychosis may be observed (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Rarely, but individuals should also consider hair loss, anemia, and headaches as SLE signs.
Treatment and Symptom Relief
Creating a treatment plan for SLE patients is complex because much depends on what organs are affected. The main goals are to achieve remission, low the SLE activity, and prevent new flares. Immunomodulators like hydroxychloroquine, vitamin D, and dehydroepiandrosterone or corticosteroids like cyclophosphamide or methylprednisolone are the necessary elements of medical therapy to repair damage (Fava and Petri 4; Sciascia et al.). Immunosuppressants and some biologics agents can be prescribed to reduce symptoms. It is expected to relieve skin rash, fever, and pain as soon as possible.
Tests and Symptoms
SLE diagnosis and testing are complex due to the same reasons as for its treatment. Regardless of the area of damage, blood and urine tests are generally required to understand fever reasons. The number of red and white blood cells is identified to measure infections and check kidney condition (Sciascia et al.). Urinalysis and antibody tests are used to examine the immune system. Clinical evaluation is supported by magnetic resonance imaging and even biopsies to confirm the diagnosis of skin rash (Fava and Petri 2). All steps should be taken by a professional team of care providers.
Current Statistics
Incidence analysis allows for gathering statistics and learning about the disease from multiple perspectives. At this moment, SLE is proven to be higher in blacks (7.9 per 100,000) and American Indians (7.4 per 100,000) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Women are at higher risk of SLE compared to men (9.3 vs. 1.5 per 100,000) (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Deaths because of SLE are rare, but this condition worsens other chronic diseases that lead to lethal outcomes.
Conclusion
It is hard for people to resist the attacks on their immune systems. SLE is not as dangerous as its complications and cooperation with other chronic conditions. People must recognize its symptoms as soon as possible and take the necessary diagnostic tests to begin treatment. Today, there are many pharmacological care plans, and doctors offer their patients options depending on the severity of the condition, family history, and genetic factors.
Works Cited
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).” CDC, 2018, Web.
Fava, Andrea, and Michelle Petri. “Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Diagnosis and Clinical Management.” The Journal of Autoimmunity, vol. 96, 2019, pp. 1-13.
Sciascia, Savino, et al. “Recent Advances in the Management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.” F1000 Research, vol. 7, 2018. F1000 Faculty.