“Understanding a person requires attention to the individual’s biology, psychological experience and cultural context…” (Kowalski & Westen, 4, 2004).
The social peculiarities of a man do not go without his/her physiological ability to pretend being individual in the direct understanding. Wisdom, as once Da Vinci said, is the sister to experience. While accumulating the experience itself, an individual urges to study every single lesson out of different situations. The emotional coloring then differs due to the gradations between positive and negative situations or events which then are included into a notion of experience peculiar for this or that person. This process the psychologists adhere to the functioning of a man’s brain and description of the difficult processes maintained. This may be called by somebody life. A closer outlook on the reasoning process and details which support it in the everyday life are considered in this paper. The world is better to encompass when there are reciprocal relationships between types of reasoning and connected factors which serve as stimuli to this process.
Memory is that tool which comprises gained experience in specific cells of a man’s brain. Due to it one can simply operate with the proper information in order to use and deliver his/her experience. Thus, the role of memory is rather high for an individual with current amount of experience. It contemplates that the reciprocal connection between two concepts exists definitely inside a man’s mental activity and psyche, on the whole.
As Kowalski & Westen (2004) note in there book, the different approaches of the outstanding psychologists and scholars in this field of research tend to work out the attitudes of individuals and, what is more, mental conflicts happening as a result of reasoning in mutual interactions of people. “Freud argued that mental conflict is ubiquitous and that ambivalence conflicting feelings or intentions is the rule rather than the exception in human experience. The solutions people develop in an effort to maximize fulfillment of conflicting motives simultaneously are called compromise formations” (Kowalski & Westen, 456, 2004). The role of cognition is quite concerned in this context and an individual while gathering the information and evaluating the personal deeds and those of others gains the picture of how the life goes and what the prescriptions or cautions are in this or that life direction. Reasoning process evolves as an integral part of a man’s sound-mindedness and reaches the inner prospects of peoples’ decision-making mechanism in terms of logical implementation. An increased risk within the society of the twenty-first century psychologists connect with the vast emergence of anxiety and depression which cause an unpleasant effect of productivity lessening, thus, the researchers coincide the solution of the problem in subjective experience of happiness (Kowalski & Westen, 2004).
Johnson-Laird (1999) admits in his article the general meaning of the reasoning pointing out “a process of thought that yields a conclusion from percepts, thoughts, or assertions.” The ability of a man to critically conclude the reality and the changes which happen in it is grave when a man strives to obtain precious experience of life and to predict further possible expectations. In this case the effects of such emotional feelings as anxiety, confusion, or ambivalence the presupposition as of the nature of brain programming makes straight impacts on the organism of an individual under classical conditioning and even does harms to his/her immune system. The facts are stubborn thing and nobody argues that negative feelings serve to involve individuals into negative results for them. Thus, the reasoning process should take into account the diversity of psyche states which an individual experiences in everyday life.
In accordance to the memory significance, it is vital to admit that a person presents himself the amount of information and experience which was gone through the processes of comprehension, accumulation and storing in the mind. The more theses processes developed, the more an individual can ask for life. The mechanism of memory is not learnt enough to make conclusions about its limits. The entire and mysterious nature of memory concerns the difficulties of physiological structure and functioning of nervous system. Perception, thought and memory are three components which concentrate their functional options and credibility due to the work of neural circuits in their multiple variations. (Kowalski & Westen, 2004) In the prospects of memory one should point out a straightforward direction of it to Cognitive Psychology and the processes of acquisition of knowledge, comprehension land production of language, creativity, and reasoning can be defined as the main categories to this discipline (Kellogg, 1997).
Planning the life and urging to achieve what is expected cannot be always without some drawbacks. The obstacles often happened on the way towards perfection can be designated due to the variability of life activities and facts of illusionary correlations which result in probable desperation. Here an individual unintentionally uses deductive or inductive, analog-analogical types of reasoning where the first example is rather central to human intelligence (Kowalski & Westen, 2004). Though, the power of reasoning process is able to make clearance within the issues troubling people and simultaneously it can provoke other psychological mechanisms in order to find the solution. The use of language and perception as it is stimulates better finding of the answers and building a chain sequence of causal relationships due to the help of reasoning. Johnson-Laird (1999) made great attempts to search the modern approach towards deductive reasoning and implemented some new glimpses on the well-known to psychologists theme:
There is a history of similar dichotomies, particularly between tacit and conscious reasoning, and “gut reactions” and deliberation. Sloman (1996) links the two sorts of reasoning to associative and rule-based thinking. The strong point of the dichotomy is that it makes sense of both competence and incompetence in life and the laboratory. Its weakness is that it may accommodate too much (Johnson-Laird, 109, 1999).
Control processes of reasoning encompass the approach of how to make up one’s mind for balancing two simultaneous pieces of information coming. Here the role of intelligence is rather high and provides an additional outlook on the variability of tasks which should be analyzed and done respectively. The efficiency of intelligence comes directly from the same characteristic of reasoning. An individual can rely on personal baggage of knowledge, but the factual reasoning processes prop up against the fact that “the mind uses content-specific conditional rules to make inferences from general knowledge.” (Johnson-Laird, 109, 1999). That is why, one should constantly increase the amounts of perceived information in order to achieve positive outcomes. This logical statement refers to the psychological background implemented by many researchers.
Thus, the development of reasoning provides straightforward effect on other psycho-physiological mechanisms which make human beings apt to achieve the tops in life. A difficult structure and the reliance to such categories as perception, memory, knowledge, and language invoke a mature nature of reasoning as an ending shade of an individual’s evaluation of reality.
References
- Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1999). Deductive Reasoning. 109.
- Kellogg, Ronald Thomas. (1997) Cognitive Psychology. SAGE
- Kowalski, Robin M. & Westen, Drew (2004). Psychology Wiley; 4 edition