Psychology Essay Examples and Topics

The general purpose of the study and research questions This current study adopted the General Learning Model (GLM) to test whether prosocial lyrics educe prosocial thoughts, feelings, and its role in participant’s behavior. Greitemeyer (2009) established that previous studies had overlooked the prosocial media effects on the internal state of prosocial lyrics listeners’. Consequently, this […]

The Role of Nature and Nature in Development Prosocial skills among growing children are vital. These are skills that involve sharing and cooperation and they normally develop through three stages. First, children must decide whether to help if they can or not, at any given time and this phase is referred to as the recognition […]

A normal person exhibits the constituents of a normal personality. Anyone with an appropriate perception of reality, self-esteem and acceptance, the ability to exercise voluntary control over their own behaviour, productive and ability to form affectionate relationship is considered normal. On the other hand, a person is termed abnormal when he or she exhibits aspects […]

Anger management and counseling program utilizes therapeutic techniques and tools of psychology in assisting families and inmates in correctional facilities to control their emotions1. The program is being implemented in facilities from several states in North America with the sole intention of reducing violence among inmates, and reducing cases of domestic violence, child neglect, and […]

Cognitive-behavioral Therapy (CBT) is a practice that has been in existence since 1980s. This approach involves a specific effort to preserve the positive impacts of behavior therapy that have been proved with involvement of the cognitive activities that are exhibited by the individual receiving the treatment. The main aim of merging the two approaches is […]

Introduction Development of psychological tests necessitates coming up with a criteria that follows specific guidelines, namely, coming up with a sample, assessing the characteristics of the sample, developing instruments for testing, and evaluating the instruments using the validity and reliability criteria. This paper will focus on development of construct and creation of scale by consulting […]

Critical thinking is one of the most important skills required in making various decisions that pertain to business, management, relationships, and every other aspect of life. Many definitions have been ascribed to critical thinking by various scholars. Generally, critical thinking refers to the capacity to form thoughts clearly and logically. It encompasses the ability to […]

Introduction Cognitive psychology is a branch of psychology whereby scientists are motivated to study the underlying mechanisms of the higher mental processes in human beings. Therefore, to other disciplines, cognitive scientists are interested in understanding human perception, decision-making, attention, problem-solving, thinking, and the development of speech among other mental processes (Ruisel, 2010, p. 267). On […]

Introduction Psychologists have for a long time been interested in finding out the factors that affect that affect academic achievement as a child undergoes the various stages of development. Most researchers have pointed out to social support, classroom instruction, personal characteristics, and academic achievement, among others, as the main factors that heavily impact a child’s […]

Introduction According to MacLean, Cameron, Harney and Lee (2012), volatile substance use is one of the main problems that make it hard to attain a desirable social fabric. With most people turning into substance abuse, the question that is asked is how the psychosocial institutions can reduce the number of new abusers of drugs and […]

Introduction The role of decision making cannot be established clearly without undergoing serious traumatic incidences that request fast action (Myers, 2004). Primarily, most people undergo at least one such incident in their life time. Most are able to pass these experiences and identify valid solutions that allow them to continue well with their life. However, […]

Abuse of methamphetamine by pregnant women is a significant cause of concern among health practitioners due to the effects of prenatal and postnatal exposure of children to the drug. Scientific research on the impact of prenatal methamphetamine exposure illustrates the adverse effects of the drug on the gestational age and birth weight. Children of methamphetamine […]

Introduction A false memory is a condition of giving twisted and biased information. Although a human memory is a powerful tool, it makes someone at some point to give incorrect information. This is caused by some factors like distracters. A good example that demonstrates a false memory is position of items in a list. People […]

Introduction Group counseling is where people benefit from experiences that they share together in a group. It is a form of therapy where people meet in order to address the problems that they are facing as individuals. These individuals then share their problems in order to look for solutions. According to gestalt theoretical approach, people […]

Introduction Individual dynamism is a critical phenomenon within an organization. It is crucial to adjust appropriately to the challenging situations that might engulf an organization. This is advisable to ensure that the attitude, approach, and performance of individuals remain apposite and competitive within the organization. Precisely, the matter considers the aspects of resilience at an […]

Introduction The family crucible is a skillfully scripted book that describes therapy sessions of the Brice family conducted by Augustus Napier and his past instructor Carl Whitaker. Napier provides an expert description of these sessions while giving us a glimpse of his theory and method of family therapy. Intended for any counseling practitioner, the book […]

Translating the life stories of real people into feature films is one of the most challenging tasks. However, when directed the right way, such movies can reveal a treasure trove of psychological insight. By basing the psychological twists of the movie on the principles of the Cognitive Behavioral Theory, the director and the cast managed […]

Introduction Depression is a stage in stress psychology and it can affect any person across the gender and demographic variables. However, depression is more common in women than men and statistics shows that in the united state in every three reported cases of depression one is a man while the ratio increases to worldwide statistics […]

Abstract This project is going to examine ways through which the problem of child prostitution in Thailand can be addressed. Child prostitution is one of the major issues, which have continued to violate the rights of children. The practice is common in South East Asia, and catastrophic in Thailand. Popular education as advocated by Freire […]

Abstract Sexual abuse at an early age instills immense fear in children. In case of child sexual molestation, victims are normally extremely young to have the capacity to express themselves concerning the experience of sexual abuse. This explains why help in the form of medical and therapeutic interventions is delivered after the incident has taken […]

This paper dwells upon the attitude towards online counselling services compared to face-to-face services. Rochlen, Beretvas and Zack (2004) note that the use of the Internet for various healthcare purposes (including counselling) have been a matter of wide-scale discussion. More so, numerous online resources are being created and the market of online counselling services is […]

The article in question dwells upon attitudes of African-American caregivers whose children and grandchildren were diagnosed with emotional and behavioral disorders towards school counselors. It is necessary to note that this matter has not received sufficient attention from researchers. The aim of the research is to reveal attitudes of African-American caregivers with low income whose […]

Abstract Person-centered therapy is a kind of treatment that gives clients an opportunity to figure out how their deeds and thoughts affect their health. The therapy is client-oriented. Therefore, clients assume the responsibility for their treatment course under the guidance of therapists. Carl Rogers developed the treatment after realizing that the success of therapy depends […]

Introduction Depression is a common health problem in the world today. The World Health Organization estimates that depression is the leading cause of disability based on the number of years lost due to disability (YLDS). Also, the world body estimates that depression is the 4th leading contributor to the global burden of disease based on […]

Research indicates that depressed teens are more likely to commit suicide compared to those that do not experience depression (King, Strunk & Sorter, 2011). It also shows that cases of suicide are few during the early stages of an individual’s development, but increase as youths approach adulthood (King, Strunk & Sorter, 2011). According to Erford […]

The Bowenian therapy At first, it is possible to speak about the application of the Bowenian approach. This model is based on the assumption that a counselor should increase a client’s differentiation. In other words, this individual should be able to distinguish his/her own identity from the identities other family members (Ziegler, 20005, p. 80). […]

Behavior is an imperative attribute that defines how a person relates to others in the society. This is apparent since behavior is an action or reaction that individuals exhibit in response to external and internal stimuli. In most instances, negative or positive behavior can be instilled in a person through diverse actions of friends and […]

Introduction Counseling is a client-oriented practice that aims at solving patients’ problems or helping them live positively with the problems. For a beginner in this profession, several concerns may surface before a counselor gets the flow of things. While taking part in a self-inventory about the concerns of novices in counseling, I found it difficult […]

Awareness and understanding of how to deal with conflicts of responsibilities and other ethical concerns are of paramount importance for counseling practitioners, particularly in light of the fact that consensus value sets in the form of ethical standards guide and govern the professional behavior and actions of counselors, counseling psychologists, and other individuals in related […]

Introduction Uncertainty reduction theory is based on the tradition that strangers need to minimize the level of doubt in their early relations. The theory is based on the concept that people find it difficult to communicate due to uncertainty of the other person’s reaction. However, this insecurity can be reduced through interpersonal communication where relations […]

In medical psychology, metacognition has become an important area of research. In particular, the relationship between metacognition and some mental disorders is an important field. For instance, Önena, Uğurlub, and Çayköylüb (2013) attempted to determine the relationship between metacognition and insight within the context of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Using a sample of 100 patients with compulsive […]

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that the facial expression depicted by people is related to the effective emotional response. This study involves two experiments designed as a correctional alternative to the earlier versions that were associated with ambiguities. The first experiment focuses on the efficiency of the procedures used […]

Introduction The dichotomy of the mind is a concept of dualism. The mind exists as a separate entity from the body, thus both can work separately. The mind and body have different effects on each other. Thus, one tries to gain control over the other. The stronger one eventually overpowers the weaker one and gains […]

Introduction The personality of an individual influence how he acts and it influences his perception of self and others. While people have different personalities, there are some common behaviors and patterns of thinking that are typical in a healthy personality. People who display deviant personality traits, often characterized by dysfunctional thinking patterns and uncontrolled emotions, […]

It is said that television and media brought about new problems that are evident in the modern day and age. Mostly, these influences are harmful in relation to violence and people’s general behavior, which is characterized as careless, destructive and unpredictable. In reality, there is a great difference and separation between the violence that is […]

Introduction Anxiety is a common condition experienced by all human beings at some point in their lives. A person can feel anxious when he/she is faced with a stressful situation or is about to face a new and exciting condition. Mild anxiety is not only normal but it can even be useful by motivating the […]

Characteristics of an Effective Counselor Effective counseling calls for one to have a number of characteristics that are founded on one’s personality. Patience and calmness are some of the desirable characteristics for one to be a good counselor. More often than not, counselors deal with people who are mentally and emotionally distressed. Patience, therefore, puts […]

Introduction According to the article, behavioral change is very vital in the development of good health and productive outcomes. Application of behavior change theory aids in inducing change of behavior among health workers. Essentially, the application of behavior change theory depends on factors such as changing multiple behaviors and medical adherence of individuals. The implementation […]

Overview Witztum and Buchbinder article (117-124) explores strategic culture-sensitive therapy as an effective approach when dealing with cases that exhibit client-therapist differences in all religious and cultural backgrounds. The fundamentals of traditional and modern approaches of treatment are the myth and rationale models. These models explain the treatment process, including health, illness, deviance and normalcy. […]

Overview Research shows that the Orthodox Jews under-utilize mental health services provided by the predominant cultures. Evidence shows that their religious culture influence psychotherapy significantly, but professionals in predominant cultures pay less attention to the role played by religion or culture. For this reason, Margolese (1998) critically examines religious and cultural issues that arise when […]

Introduction Even though Tammy had a happy childhood, she was depressed due to her parent’s poor relationship or lack of frequent dialogue and this might have resulted into suicide attempts or divorce. Moreover, Tammy was poor in maintaining love relationships and commitments and these could be attributed to her poor upbringing, because both the father […]

Summary and Hypothesis Negative aspects of factors that affect human body functions cause stress. Negative factors, or stressors, arise from abnormalities in the physiological functions of the body. The physiological processes that keep the human body functioning properly may suffer interference from outside or within the body such that they are not in equilibrium (Goldstein […]

Buss came up with a theory that aimed at resolving a contextual-evolutionary problem, which is related to mating strategies among individuals. The study established that both men and women have evolved some psychological systems that characterize both short and long-term strategies. His study revealed that human beings tend to resolve short-term mating issues as opposed […]

The purpose of the study This is a comprehensive study of the psychical attributes of behavior in organizations. The study aims at exploring a new methodology that has been developed to aid in analyzing and assessing the hidden motives behind behavioral patterns of organizational employees. According to the authors of the article, Conditional Reasoning Tests […]

Society always needs a leader; there can be no argument about that. Even in the age of the advent of individual psychology doctrine, the need for an average human being to follow the crowd and comply with the opinion of the highest authority remains unchanged. The given phenomenon can hardly be regarded as negative, since […]

Introduction Many different psychological disorders that have been discovered in the medical world tend to afflict human beings thus affecting their day-to-day activities. Psychological disorders come in different ways. At the same time, they are tackled in different ways that can be described as the best in the present-day world of medicine. Some psychological disorders […]

The prevalence of psychopathy is at 1% in society today while in other populations such as prisoners and those in mental institutions the prevalence is higher. Psychopathy is a mental condition characterized by an inability to be emotional or to develop emotional relationships. It is usually characterized by acting on impulse, not feeling guilty, tendency […]

Introduction Social work involves the understanding of people’s behavior and why they behave in a particular manner. This often involves the use of various theoretical frameworks to conceptualize cases. Hutchison (2008) also provides three dimensions of human behavior in his multidimensional model to aid in understanding people’s behavior. These include the biological, environmental, and spiritual […]

Introduction Gathering hypothesis is an evolutionary term that gives details on how people have changed gradually over generations. Tools in earlier times were primarily used for digging and harvesting crops and not for hunting. Later, people acquired complex tools, which they used to hunt, remove skin, and cut things. According to Mcburney et al. (1997), […]

Human beings show great variations in terms of their personality traits mainly because of the differences in genes. Traits could be defined as the consistent prototypes of behavior, idea, and feeling, which differ from one individual to the other. Based on this definition, personality traits are often stable and vary from one individual to the […]

Even though that during the course of recent decades, the conceptual soundness of the Psychoanalytical Theory by Sigmund Freud has been increasingly criticized, on account of its presumed ‘unscientificalness’, there can only be a few doubts that it continues to denote a high practical value. After all, even today it represents a thoroughly legitimate practice, […]

Theory and usefulness The skill area under consideration is listening. Theory on the subject reveals that listening may occur at various levels, starting from the least effective to the most effective. At the bottom of the pyramid is passive listening, which is a synonym for not listening. Usually, this level of listening occurs when the […]

Introduction Learning forms part of a child’s growth and development. A child aged between five and twelve years old learns only from his or her surroundings unlike teens and adults who learn from their experiences too. The child’s surrounding is made up of parents, siblings, friends and caretakers, furniture, television, computers, radio, toys, reading materials, […]

Nassim Nicholas Taleb article, Scaring Us Senseless reflects how humans have failed to use relevant statistics to perceive danger. Instead, people react to emotions and perceptions, which lead to immediate overreacting and later under reacting. Shock and fading memory control these reactions. He acknowledges that people cannot respond rationally to instances of terrorism. Therefore, terrorism […]

Abstract Recent studies suggest a decreasing duration of sleep in different parts of the world. In fact, the number of sleep hours per person has increased since 1960s, with people concentrating on work and reducing the amount of time they spend sleeping. While this pattern has improved household and national economies, it has been associated […]

Introduction Character is a concept that is often discussed along with questioning its origins, reasons and consequences. No one is absolutely sure where a person’s individuality comes from, but there has been much evidence that shows how a person is affected within a family unit, in particular if there are several siblings. A person’s character, […]

Introduction In the discussion of how the unconscious mind influences personality, one cannot negate the role of psychoanalysis. According to Kihlstrom, Beer, and Klein, psychoanalysis refers to the “aspects of Freud’s work and research, including Freudian therapy and the research methodology that he used to develop his theories” (2002, p.68). In the formulation of the […]

Abstract Scientific evidence supports the feature integration model. Experiments among patients with Balint’s syndrome, simulated experiments, and existence of the binding problem all testify to the relevance of attention in visual searches. However, this model has weaknesses, which the guided search model solves. The guided search model explains why certain conjunction searches may be fast […]

Evolutionary psychology is a field of study, which explores the ways in which information and main beliefs from biology are applied in the understanding of the organization of the brain. However, it does not apply to the study of vision, reasoning, and the social action. It examines the psychosomatic features, which include the memory, perception, […]

Introduction Unsecure attachment disorders are complications that affect holistic development of children in various settings. The complications are currently affecting many children including adults due to poor parental care. This is evident since they have been causing severe mood and behavioral problems to various individuals. The problems threaten to jeopardize social and cultural integration among […]

Overview For the most part, the literature on cultural diversity tends to ignore the effects that religion has on psychotherapy and counseling. Judaism is an excellent example of a religion that ignores its effects on both psychotherapy and counseling. Orthodox Jews also serve as an excellent example of a minority group that fails to utilize […]

Abstract Sexual abuse is one of the most common forms of child abuse. Its occurrence within the past decade has increased, thus creating a serious problem to the society as it threatens social dynamics. Additionally, the vice has dire effects on the future economic prospects countrywide if not dealt with appropriately and at the right […]

Introduction Assessing family functionality in a dependable, applicable and clinically sound manner has been the inspiration of family researchers for many decades. These family psychologists and clinicians devised models and instruments to help in that effort. This paper provides a knowledgeable comparison of some of these instruments as well as what their authors consider as […]

Description of the Disorder Schizophrenia is a severe condition of mind that has symptoms such as poor contact with reality, peculiar behavior, unsystematic speech and thinking, low expression of emotions, and social withdrawal. Although victims of the disorder may not manifest all these symptoms, they have an indication of some of them. Schizophrenia means a […]

What are the important therapeutic goals of Gestalt theory? Gelstalt therapy is an experiential type of psychotherapy whose main emphasis is on personal responsibility. In addition, the main focal point of gelstalt therapy is the client-therapist relationship, the client’s experiences in the present, the social contexts and the environment of the client’s life, as well […]

The first paper focused on interpersonal communication in marriage. Interpersonal communication refers to the sharing of information between individuals. The number of people involved in the sharing of information can be two or more. Interpersonal communication is the key to building a positive relationship between individuals, especially in marriage. The theories of interpersonal relationships, skills, […]

Effective communication skills are critical for the functioning of both private and public organizations. In many cases, the exchange of information is vital for decision-making in businesses and their adaptation to the change in external environment. This paper is aimed at showing that the management of stress is the most vital skill of effective business […]

What is the objective of the investigation? In this study, the researcher was interested in investigating the relationship between stress management and workplace performance in the United Kingdom. This research was motivated by the recent reports that there has been an increasing concern by human resource managements over the need to manage stress among employees. […]

Throughout the entire history of contemporary psychology, perception has not been given a fair definition. This has persisted until today. Throughout this period, it has always been assumed that the perceiver is a passive recording device. Moreover, the perceiver has an extremely complicated design. Such type of vitro psychology has been deficient for failing to […]

Introduction The world is changing dramatically and its changes are constantly affecting the socio-economic structure of nationalists in both developing and developed nations. Central to globalisation and internationalisation, numerous issues are emerging as nations are always witnessing a massive influx of immigration and migration trends that have influenced lifestyles in almost all big cities and […]

Suicidal ideas are often associated with adolescence as this group is vulnerable to a variety of issues. Notably, for the US adolescents, suicide is the “third leading cause of death” (Litwiller & Brausch, 2013, p. 675). One of these issues is bulling. Bullying is a common practice in schools as it has been estimated that […]

Introduction People improve their self-defense through behaving or thinking in certain ways. People enhance their self-defense through strategies, which help them distance themselves from a complete comprehension of horrible feelings, way of thinking, and behaviors (Freud 8). Anna Freud formulated human defense mechanisms based on anxiety and ego. According to Anna Freud, people minimize feelings […]

Relationships, like love come in a variety of forms. It is not uncommon to find two people of different generations falling in love. There are those who argue that age gaps in relationships matter. Yet there are those who believe that age is insignificant. To them, love transcends all boundaries and should not be overshadowed […]

Introduction Anxiety forms part of an individual’s body mechanisms in which it communicates that something or an act is wrong and hence, there is need to undertake corrective measures (Aleksovski, 2009). This sign has been categorised as one of the essential human survival tactics as it ensures individual wellbeing. An anxious individual can describe the […]

The knowledge that human beings need to understand the operations of the outside world depends on their modes of sensitivity. As such, the human sensory organs are categorized into vision, hearing, taste, touch and smell. The sense organs are made of specialized cellular configurations that accept specific stimuli. The senses are all critical in the […]

Introduction Cocaine is mainly a product of coca plant. Consumption of cocaine leads to stimulating the central nervous system. It is also said to be an appetite suppresser. Cocaine is addictive and is hard to break away from the addiction. Its illegality is a major chain. The greatest inducement is the mere believe that cocaine […]

One of the main challenges, faced by counselors, is finding an appropriate approach to helping people, affected by the loss of their loved ones, to cope with the sensation of an overwhelming grief. Therefore, there is nothing surprising about that fact that, as time goes on, we witness the emergence of more and more qualitatively […]

The Selective Addictive Nature of Alcohol Alcoholism has been misunderstood by people as a moral or emotional weakness. It is believed that people succumb to alcoholism because they have psychological and emotional problems that they want to escape from or relieve. People believe that alcoholism is caused by all kinds of social problems such as […]

An experimental design is a control mechanism accomplished by using a controlled variable. Experimental designs are carried out randomly among a group of subjects chosen for the purpose of the study (Hergenhahn, 2005). In experiments, there should be two groups of subjects namely, the experimental group within which the scientist controls the variables, and a […]

Our interaction with individuals from different backgrounds is always a great challenge if a person does not have the required multicultural competence. It is a common thing for an individual to hold certain biases, attitudes, beliefs and perspectives in our interaction with culturally deferent individuals (Long, 2006). Participation in groups and places of work entirely […]

Anyone who has visited or lived in a different country will notice that people speak and interact in different ways from what people in other cultures are commonly used to. These differences in cultural, religious and ethnic backgrounds are what are used to explain intercultural communication. Intercultural communication is defined as a type of global […]

Course Themes In chapter one of the book Why Smart People Can Be So Stupid, Ray Hyman investigates several issues that relate with the terms ‘smart’ and ‘stupid’. The text uses the two terms as direct opposites. The word ‘smart’ can be a synonym the notion of cleverness as used in psychology meaning that smartness […]

Introduction The Stanford prison experiment was a psychological research on the impacts of being a prison guard or a prisoner. As the name suggests, the test was carried out at Stanford University between August 14 and August 20, 1971. It was conducted by a group of renowned researchers in the psychology field, led by Phillip […]

Although the overall classification of psychological disorders appear to be universalistic in nature and scope, there exists compelling evidence to the effect that an individual’s cultural background colors every facade of illness experience, from linguistic construction and content of delusions to the distinctive meaning of expressed emotion. It, therefore, becomes critical for caregivers and other […]

Introduction According to Kleiner (2005), the brain tissue is made up of glial cells and neurons. The former makes up 90 percent of the tissue. Neurons, which are also referred to as nerve cells, are responsible for the conduction of signals from the brain to the rest of the body. Glial cells, on the other […]

Introduction Disabled people have different needs from the rest of the people in the society. Both their habitual and educational needs are changing from what is conventionally known regarding the daily living culture such as the way in which people are dressed and groomed. This is also true when it comes to the vocational and […]

Face Recognition, Identification, & Classification People recognize faces after they have analyzed features that are associated with that face. In this case, a person’s facial features will be analyzed by looking at the relationship between known features. It should be known that for an individual to recognize specific objects there is need for proper information. […]

In the early 1990s, many scholars of developmental psychology, disenchanted by the antimentalistic and biases of behavioral psychology and shortcoming of Piaget’s theory, shifted to cognitive psychology and computer science to seek new thoughts and insights about children’s thinking. Computer systems that rely on mathematically programmed operations to offer solutions enabled these researchers to formulate […]

Introduction The aim of this paper is to analyze and to compare quantitative and qualitative research methods. The analysis will begin with the definition and description of the two methods. This will be followed by a discussion on the various aspects of the two research methods. The similarities and differences between quantitative and qualitative research […]

According to Erikson, healthy growth of the personality depends upon the successful resolution of eight stages in ego development throughout the lifespan (Frick, 1991). Each stage unfolds a biologically predetermined sequence in the interaction with social forces and the requirements of the culture, and each represents a critical period of transition in the healthy development […]

Social cognition is an aspect in social psychology which explores the interaction of human beings amongst themselves and the environment. Social cognition involves encoding of information, storage by the brain, and retrieval when there is need. Several cognitive processes are involved in the encoding, storage, and retrieval of social information. The important aspects in the […]

Introduction Over the recent past, there has been various issues or problems associated with the learning process in a classroom setting. Students tend to be distracted by a variety of issues and since learning requires maximum concentration, they end up performing poorly. This has therefore necessitated a need for coming up with some strategies aimed […]

Attitudes change over a given period of time. The process of attitude change is dependent on variables that exist in the daily lives of people and related to the process of socialization as well. Human nature is social, and therefore, the process of change of attitude is highly influenced by this factor as it is […]

Caregivers often experience the long-term stress which is rather difficult to overcome because of the constant psychological and physical pressure and necessities to take care for clients regularly. That is why the caregiver burnout among the persons who take care for the other people is a usual phenomenon. The symptoms of the caregiver burnout are […]

The article written by Jennifer Curry and Laura Choate (2010) is aimed at discussing the oversexualization of adolescent girls. In particular, these authors argue that continuous exposure to sexualized images or stereotypes can harm the development of these girls. For example, they can assess themselves only in term of their attractiveness, beauty or ability to […]

Initial statement Every day, somewhere, a physician, psychiatrist, counselor, or other helping professional is presented with a case of near-death experience (Greyson, 1991). A near-death experience (NDE) is defined as a “profound psychological event that occurs when a person is either close to death or faced with circumstances resulting in physical or emotional crisis” (Greyson, […]

Introduction Anxiety refers to the natural emotion that individuals develop when they are under intimidation, risk, or when frustrated among others. In addition, anxiety may develop because of certain life challenges such as terminal ailments, demise of a loved one, or marital problems. Experiencing anxiety in such situations is natural and thus it should not […]

Psychology scientists often misinform participants of their research details in an attempt to mitigate placebo effects, reduce bias in self-reports and reduce risks on the safety of the researcher (Weiten, 2012). Well documented and reported in the results of the study, deliberate deception may be admissible in scientific studies if the validity and independence value […]

Cognitive biases are a group of biases faced when conducting an emotional research. Cognitive biases are any biases introduced by cognitive reasoning and emotion (Zambardino & Goodfellow 2007). Therefore, cognitive biases are errors in research introduced when information is processed through cognitive filters resulting in misinterpretation of what is real. There are two types of […]

Psychology researchers frequently encounter data management problems due to social desirability bias. Social desirability bias is the methodical mistake that is caused by the intention of participants in a study to respond to interview questions in a manner they believe protect their social interest. The main concept in the theory is that the respondent is […]