Inductive and Deductive Reasoning: Essay Introduction
There are different types of reasoning, most of which are explained in psychology books and articles. This paper discusses two types of reasoning â deductive and inductive reasoning using cognitive research. The inductive and deductive reasoning essay you read focuses on teaching science and technical courses in High Schools. It explores cases of science and mathematical teaching in schools.
Deductive Approach
Deductive reasoning is a logical process where conclusions are made from general cases. General cases are studied, after which conclusions are made as they apply to a certain case (Byrne, Evans and Newstead, 2019). In the context of this deductive reasoning essay, an argument from analogy is one of the examples under deductive reasoning. The rule underlying this module is that in the case where P and Q are similar and have properties a, b, and c, object P has an extra property, âx.â Therefore, Q will automatically have the same extra property, âx,â as the two are similar (Dew Jr and Foreman, 2020).
Most high school students in the United States do come across the argument from the analogy model of deductive reasoning while studying science subjects. Nonetheless, most students do not realize the applicability of this rule. They apply the rule unconsciously. Therefore, high school students should learn about this model of reasoning. This will help them know certain instances under which they should apply this rule when making arguments in science subjects (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019).
Researches conducted on analogies give a clear way of explaining why student reports have added ideas. While studying scientific subjects, students do make productive analogies. They apply scientific principles, for instance, energy conservation principles, to different settings.
Unproductive analogies are also made by students, for example, in experiments between temperature and heat. Research that compares different forms of analogies gained from visual and animated representations. Such studies distinguish the functions of different brain parts. It emphasizes the benefits of activating correct pathways for specific learning forms. Research on analogies emphasizes on the selection and inclusion of right analogies in the reports. It also encourages the analysis of different analogies (Vygotsky, 2020).
Argument from analogy is one of the tools that students can use to advance reasonable arguments in different science subjects. This is according to a study that was conducted to ascertain the model that can be used by high school students in when solving problems in genetics. Different questions and student-teacher engagements were used to reach the conclusion (Choden and Kijkuakul, 2020).
The major problems in the teaching of science subjects are the lapses in communication. More often, students and teachers in science classrooms rarely share similar purpose on either the subject or the activity. At times, teachers and students assign different meanings to the same concept. This happens in cases where the two have different levels of understanding about the science concepts because most of these concepts are technical (Choden and Kijkuakul, 2020).
In order to improve the understanding of science subjects, students are required to use different approaches. For students to use analogy, they must have an understanding of the concept in question first. The concept is the most important thing as arguments derived from the subject will be concrete when the concept is well grasped.
More models should be used by science teachers in the science classes. The real nature of the models or analogs used for teaching are better understood when they are realistic. Analogs are forms of human interventions in learning. They should be used carefully as poor use may result in mal understanding of the real meaning. Analogs have an aspect of practicality which leaves images in the minds of students.
When used well, a constructive learning environment will be attained. Analogies should be used in a way that students can easily capture or map. Students should also be given room to make suggestions of improving the analogies used by their teachers. Imperfect analogies expose difficulties that arise in describing and explaining scientific ideas that are mostly of an abstract nature (Newton, 2022).
Inductive Approach
According to Oaksford and Chater (2020), inductive reasoning entails taking certain examples and using the examples to develop a general principle. It cannot be utilized in proving a concept. In inductive reasoning, solutions to problems can be reached even when the person offering the solution does not have general knowledge about the world.
An example of deductive reasoning is the case of âRex the dogâ. In this case, a child can make a deduction that is logical when Rex barks even at times when barking itself is an unfamiliar activity. If the child was told that Rex is a cat and that all cats bark, the child would respond with a âyesâ when asked whether Rex barks. This is even when Rex does not bark. Under this reasoning, logical deductions are counterfactual in that they are not made in line with the beliefs of the real world (Pellegrino and Glaser, 2021).
On the other hand, inductive reasoning is one of the oldest learning models. Inductive reasoning develops with time as students grow. However, this reasoning has not been fully utilized in schools. It carries many cognitive skills within it. Inductive thinking is used in creative arts in high schools. In creative art subjects, students are expected to build on their learned ideas. The knowledge learned is applied in different contexts. This is the real goal of inductive reasoning (CsapĂł, 2020).
For the purposes of the inductive reasoning essay, research has revealed that deductive reasoning can be applied in two performance contexts. This includes the school knowledge application and the applicable knowledge context. School knowledge is the knowledge that is acquired at school. This knowledge is mostly applied in situations that are related to schoolwork.
It is applied in a similar context in which it was acquired. This knowledge or reasoning is what the students apply in handling assignments, tests, and examinations in school. It is used to grade students and determine student careers in schools. Applicable knowledge can be easily applied in situations that differ from the context in which the command was acquired (CsapĂł, 2020).
Research conducted in the United States revealed that the skills students acquire at the elementary level are insufficient. Elementary mathematics teaching lacks a conceptual explanation to the students. When these students get to high school, they need a basis upon which they can understand mathematical formulas and measurements. Therefore, teachers are forced to introduce these students to a higher level of thinking.
The tasks in high school mathematics that require deep thinking are also called high cognitive demand tasks. At this level of thinking, students can understand complex mathematical concepts and apply them correctly. Thus, students are introduced to inductive reasoning (Brahier, 2020).
Students will mostly have a tough time at the introductory to inductive reasoning. Students will get a grasp of concepts, mostly mathematical ones. However, it will take longer for students to develop application skills. Mathematical concepts will be understood by students within a short span.
However, applying the concepts to solve different mathematical problems is another problem. Just like for the two types of knowledge, it has always been hard for students from high school to apply the school concept in the real world. Students acquire the inside, but in most cases, they reserve it for schoolwork only.
When students do not get good tutoring, gaining the transition required to achieve the real concepts becomes difficult. This idea further destroys them and may even cause a total failure to understand and apply inductive reasoning (Van Vo and CsapĂł, 2022).
The transition from elementary school to high school includes psychological changes. These changes need to be molded by introducing the student to detailed thinking. This gradual process begins with slowly ushering the students to simple concepts. This simple concept builds slowly, and complexity is introduced gradually.
The students’ minds grow as they get used to the hard concepts. Later, the students become more creative and critical in thinking and understanding concepts (Hayes et al., 2019).
Inductive vs Deductive: Essay Conclusion
Inductive and deductive reasoning are two types of reasoning that borrow from one another. The use of logical conclusion applies in both of them. They are very useful, especially in teaching mathematics and science courses.
Reference List
Brahier, D. (2020) Teaching secondary and middle school mathematics. Abingdon: Routledge.
Byrne, R.M., Evans, J.S.B. and Newstead, S.E. (2019) Human reasoning: the psychology of deduction. London: Psychology Press.
Choden, T. and Kijkuakul, S. (2020) âBlending problem based learning with scientific argumentation to enhance students’ understanding of basic geneticsâ, International Journal of Instruction, 13(1), pp. 445-462.
CsapĂł, B. (2020) âDevelopment of inductive reasoning in students across school grade levelsâ, Thinking Skills and Creativity, 37, pp. 1-15.
Dew Jr, J.K. and Foreman, M.W. (2020) How do we know?: an introduction to epistemology. Westmont: InterVarsity Press.
Hayes, B.K. et al. (2019) âThe diversity effect in inductive reasoning depends on sampling assumptionsâ, Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 26, pp.1043-1050.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2019) Science and engineering for grades 6-12: investigation and design at the center. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
Newton, D.P. (2022) A practical guide to teaching science in the secondary school. Milton Park: Taylor & Francis.
Oaksford, M. and Chater, N. (2020) âNew paradigms in the psychology of reasoningâ, Annual Review of Psychology, 71, pp. 305-330.
Pellegrino, J.W. and Glaser, R. (2021) âComponents of inductive reasoningâ, In Aptitude, learning, and instruction (pp. 177-218). Abingdon: Routledge.
Upmeier zu Belzen, A., Engelschalt, P. and KrĂŒger, D. (2021) âModeling as scientific reasoning – the role of abductive reasoning for modeling competenceâ, Education Sciences, 11(9), pp. 1-11.
Van Vo, D. and CsapĂł, B. (2022) âExploring studentsâ science motivation across grade levels and the role of inductive reasoning in science motivationâ, European Journal of Psychology of Education, 37(3), pp. 807-829.
Vygotsky, L.S. (2020) Educational psychology. Boca Raton: CRC Press.