Genius is often explained through genetic argument, which attributes it to the biological background. Scheff (1990) did not refute the genetic argument; however, he claimed that genius has a biological and social origin. He supports his position by extrapolating the idea that every human is a genius in language compared to other forms of organic or artificial intelligence. Humans become geniuses in language due to constant exposure and interactive practice with gifted and attentive teachers, such as their parents. Therefore, raising a genius in other spheres usually requires a positive social influence from gifted relatives or mentors. Such influence leads to the creation of high self-esteem, which Scheff (1990) believes to be a critical condition that prevents a genius from alienating themselves from others. In the end, high self-esteem frees gifted individuals from chronic shame, allowing them to develop their extraordinary talents into actual skills.
If almost every human is a genius in language, one might wonder why it is difficult to replicate this effect on other spheres of activity. Scheff (1990) provided the following reasons for universal human genius in language: constant exposure, interactive instructions, tutor’s competence, and self-esteem-boosting nature of language instructions. As a result, a child experiences no shame in the learning process. In the end, the influence of a competent tutor combined with a natural human aptitude for language leads to the development of species-wide genius. Unfortunately, these conditions are difficult to provide in other spheres of activity. For example, a natural-born mathematician might face incompetent teachers at school who would not provide them with proper learning instructions. Even if early life tutors are competent and a talented student turns into an academic professional, they still might become merely a solid scholar rather than a genius. In addition, an attempt to challenge proven theories and oppose peer-respected figures might damage self-esteem and hinder the development of genetic talent. As such, only a few chosen ones are able to overcome these obstacles and become true geniuses.
Reference
Scheff, T. J. (1990). Microsociology: Discourse, emotion, and social structure. University of Chicago Press.