The Alzheimer’s disease article I examined was titled Alzheimer’s disease (AD) – Like pathology in Aged Monkeys after Infantile Exposure to Environmental Metal Lead (Pb): Evidence for a Developmental Origin and Environmental Link for AD. The authors of this article are affiliates of various universities including University of Rhode Island, Kingston; university of Montana, Missoula; National Institutes of Health, North Carolina; Mine department of Health and Human Services, Augusta; and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis. This study shows that environmental hazards, in this case lead, increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and that the development period is crucial for determining future vulnerability to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s disease. The last figure in this article, figure 6 illustrates a model of the adverse effects of lead on SP1- mediated expression of APP. Part A shows a normal DNA function; part B shows the partial effects which are insufficient to alter gene activity; and part C demonstrates normal changes of development, maturity and aging which lead to stimulation of SP1 regulatory alterations and the subsequent effects on the gene activity.
This guideline is called Guideline for Alzheimer’s disease management. This guideline was derived from California Workgroup for Alzheimer’s disease Management September 2008. The guideline seeks to facilitate a comprehensive care delivery for patients suffering from Alzheimer’s disease and their caretakers, by Primary Care Practitioners (PCPs). Moreover, the guideline is focused on Alzheimer’s disease patients. The guideline takes into consideration six major outcomes including mortality, cognitive level, functional level, incidence of abuse and neglect, adoption capacity of families and care providers, and the rate of disease progression.
The clinical trial for Alzheimer’s disease was called Alzheimer’s disease Anti-inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT). This study was sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) in collaboration with the Department of Veterans Affairs of the University of Washington and john Hopkins University. The trial had been completed by the time this clinical trial was updated, which was on 20 September, 2007. This trial was base on Alzheimer’s disease in which interventions drugs like Naproxen Sodium and Celocoxib were employed in the study. This trial was a Phase III study. The participants eligible for this study were individuals who were at high risk of developing the disease, persons who are of any gender and above age 70. Another qualification includes a healthy individual with family history of the condition or family member has or developed severe age related memory loss, Alzheimer’s disease, senility, or dementia. Also, the participant must be fluent in written or spoken English. Also, should be willing to restrict use of vitamin E, non-aspirin NSAIDs, corticosteroids, analgesics, Histamine antagonists, or anti-inflammatory. Again, should be accepting to meet full participation of the study, and should provide informed consent of the trial. Moreover, the subject should not have a history of peptic ulcer; disease of the kidney or liver; history of allergy to aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib or other NSAIDs; should not be on anticoagulants; not be a victim of dementia; or have alcohol dependence. The trial was conducted in various institutions including Sun Health Research Institute, Roskamp Institute Memory Clinic, Johns Hopkins University, Boston University School of Medicine, university of Rochester, and veterans’ affairs Puget Sound health care system, university of Washington. In these six locations the trial will aim to recruit a maximum of 700 participants. This trial was based on the sufficient evidence of the role of inflammation in the neurodegenerative process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD0. Because of the hypothesis that Non Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs can reduce onset of AD, the ability of celecoxib and Naproxen to reduce the onset of AD were assessed in this clinical trial. From the guideline I discern that Alzheimer’s is a terminal disease and increases the risk for other adverse conditions such as functional and cognitive impairment. Thus patients with Alzheimer’s disease are eligible for palliative care.