In this randomized controlled crossover design, the authors assess the mood variations among eleven older adults (>65 years old) after completing a 6-minutes walking pace. Mood and motivation to accomplish mental tasks were estimated with a repeated-measures analysis of variance. To determine interconnections between physical activity and the magnitude of mood changes, a bivariate Pearson correlation was implemented. Various scales helped researchers measure mood (POMS-SF), mental and physical state (MPSTEF), gait (LED), and motivation (Likert). As the result, the study statistically proved that tiredness, nervousness, misperception, and energy levels were improved by 6 minutes of self-regulated physical training. Moreover, the magnitude in energy perception and fatigue was straightly related to gait speed.
The authors provide statistically trustworthy objective data that can be used in further studies. The article is written by Ph.D. professors and is published in a credible journal. The research provides the reader with recent authentic data estimating the impact of physical training with self-regulated tension on older adults’ mood and motivation. The study used primary data, all the scales and calculations are presented. The outcomes of the study can be used in guidelines of older people’s health improvement as it proves the importance of exercise in older age.
This article focuses on physical activity as a method of non-pharmacological treatment of various diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, cognitive activity, memory, etc. The authors of the study evaluated secondary data and presented the interconnections of an essential chain of mechanisms reflection on training processes such as enzymes, neurotransmitters, and ion channels positively influencing the cardiovascular system, cardiorespiratory system, improving the glycemic level and insulin response. The authors also suggested the implementation of virtual reality-based exercise requiring more movements for a player. The latter can be useful for people with computer-dependent lifestyles, low tolerance towards physical training, and children with intellectual disabilities.
The study is gathering a sustainable number of secondary resources providing the reader with a deep analysis of molecular mechanisms and their impact on the human body. The authors of the research are professors in chemical and pharmaceutical sciences, psychology, neuroscience, and biomedicine. The work was published in the Italian scholarly journal in 2019. The authors are objective and provide the reader with an in-depth analysis of the most essential studies on relevant topics. The study provides vast data analysis and helps comprehend the influences of various mechanisms and mediators on systems and organs. For instance, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) activates neurons and glial cells that modify neurotransmission in various regions of the brain (Di Legro et al. 724). The study observes pathologies separately providing data on each disorder with understandable language.
The study observes various groups of the population with depression and anxiety symptoms and allows to track the interconnections between people’s sex, age, and various physical activities they experience. Symptoms of anxiety and depression are divided and observed separately providing statistical data and measurements. The authors show an adequate amount of objectivity and provide authentic data that can be used for further research. The study also emphasizes that physical training (except overtraining) plays a significant role in the non-pharmacological treatment of mental health disorders, particularly depression and anxiety. However, the existence of physical activity cannot prevent the initiation of mental health diseases (Paluska and Schwenk 177). Anxiety can be improved with acute exercise; nevertheless, the impact of routine training on anxiety is less clear and under-researched. Hence, the study highlights the questions of chronic training as an approach for mental diseases and raises a question of its further assessment. The structure of the article lets the reader rapidly orient in the topic choosing a literature review on depression or anxiety symptoms, proposed mechanisms for overtraining, and gathering more data on additional groups of populations.
The study is focused on the amount of physical activity and its impacts on depression and anxiety symptoms. The authors provided a vast analysis of secondary data including experimental and descriptive research, as well as meta-analyses and reviews. The authors of the study are professors in sports medicine and family medicine. The article was published in a journal in the USA. Even though the source was released in 2000, it provides trustworthy information and includes essential data about excessive physical activity on the human body and the impacts of overtraining on different systems and organs.
The article is useful in terms of a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of physical activity impact on systems of a human being. More importantly, it provides trustworthy data about training’s impact on cognitive abilities and highlights the promising targets that can be used for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The innovative treatment of disorders connected with cognitive functions involves special types of physical exercises that can be individually set for a patient according to the variations of different substations in blood.
This article presents a study using the assessment of secondary data to disclose information about molecular mechanisms of muscle and brain interconnections influencing the hippocampus and consequently mood, education skills, and hunger. The author of the research is a Danish professor of Integrative Medicine. The article was published in a scholarly journal in Denmark in 2019. The recent data gathered about the myokines, the role of BDNF, and other regulating mechanisms allow to get access to up-to-date information and comprehend the impacts of physical activity on the human body better. The author does not defend any ideas or hypotheses, uses the information with no biases, and allows the reader to make his conclusions.
Works Cited
Boolani, Ali et al. “Six Minutes of Physical Activity Improves Mood in Older Adults: A Pilot Study.” Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, vol. 44, no. 1, 2021, pp. 18-24.
Di Liegro, Carlo Maria, et al. “Physical Activity and Brain Health.” Genes, vol. 10, no. 9, 2019, pp. 720-760.
Paluska, Scott A., and Schwenk, Thomas L. “Physical Activity and Mental Health.” Sports Medicine, vol. 29, no. 3, 2000, pp. 167-180.
Pedersen, Bente Klarlund. “Physical activity and muscle–brain crosstalk.” Nature Reviews Endocrinology, vol. 15, no. 7, 2019, pp. 383–392.