All natural phenomena like plant growth, animals’ instincts display, and causes of the events occur each day. As Philo states, each of them can be a source of an order in it. We may observe a lot of examples of order creation in the world. Every plant reproduces by itself and the circle of life continues. A group of the main constants like the gravitational force is in its best state. It allows us to observe the great variety of life on Earth.
We can only imagine the biodiversity of species and their build. Every organism is unique, but, at the same time, is the self-ordered and well-balanced system. The most important thing is that all of the natural components and compounds have an interconvertibility. It helps us to see the cycle structure of natural objects. According to Philo, it is hard to deduce the explanation of the origin of the highest order from the lowest ones. Thus, the human mind cannot be derived from the growth or instinct.
However, Philo’s alternative world model consists of random events. The particles move permanently in the world. When they collide with each other they form different random combinations. These combinations will be saved when they are suitable for the following conditions. Because of the natural selection the objective reality of order and chaos forms. Hume states that the inner possibilities of nature do not have the ability of order generation. He compares the source of order in the Universe with the likeness of human’s mind. His analogies lead to the idea of a non-material Creator.
David Hume describes the world as a big mechanism which consists of huge amount of smaller mechanisms and so on, and so forth. All of these machines and theirs parts are fitted to each other with high accuracy. Natural regulation is distinguished by the extreme compliance with the means and purposes.
The inductive method was considered as the most important method of scientific knowledge. According to this method, scientific knowledge began with the observation and facts statement. After these stages the compilation and construction of the theory were realized. The theory was regarded as a generalization of the facts. David Hume observed that the general statement can be deduced from the facts, and, therefore, every inductive generalization is unreliable. Thereby, one has a problem of the justification of inductive inference. What are the grounds of the mind to move from individual facts to general conclusions? Awareness of the insolubility of the problem is in the hypothetical essence of all the human knowledge.
David Hume realized that the opposition of the mind senses is vicious, because mind is always involved in the formation of sensory impressions. We can never make an effective connection between the phenomena of nature if our consumption is based on examples only.
Hume explained all the causes as the spatial relations of coexistence and the time sequence. If these two phenomena follow each other, you cannot draw the conclusion that the first one is the cause of the second and the second one is the consequence of the first.
Denying the existence of the spiritual substance which creates a philosophical skeptical premise of any religion and the atheistic views, Hume criticises the evidence of the Creator’s existence, which can be deducted from the imperfections of man or from the rational organization of the world.