Introduction
Research is very important in every subject. There will be proper research methodologies, which will produce the good results in every field. Research is essential in marketing field, science field, and sales field. The human research includes experimentation and observations. The humans are the main topic on the research in social sciences, biology, genomics, etc. These research studies with the human participants have social and legal issues. The most necessary ideology of the human study is to produce more and more profits from the research and diminish the troubles and hazards to the subjects. The profits should be to the human world and it will be for the well-being of the peoples all over the world. It has to strengthen the power of people. The hazards consist of the worries, death, injuries, loss of privacy, etc. These should be avoided to get the maximum use of research with human subjects. “No research involving human subjects should occur without some expectation of benefit, whether it be the advancement of science and new understanding, or a direct benefit to the participating subjects. Researchers’ claims about the benefits of their research will rest in large part on their ability to collect useful data” (Frankel, 1999, p.5).
There must be proper understanding of the goal and the aims with the study. The study should reach the public by considering societal values and welfare of the people. The ethical considerations should be there to maintain the human morale. The ethical points of research will make a motivating study. The human participants have to get the worth of the research if it is in marketing or in biological science. This should develop the performance and health of human participants, improve their knowledge and experiences.
Research study conducted with the use of human subjects that has been properly done from an ethical perspective
There are several norms that must be met while conducting research using human subjects. Besides the fact that these researches should be legitimate and lawful, it is also necessary that prior informed consent of the participants need to be gained before the actual research is carried on. “An IRB shall require documentation of informed consent or may waive documentation in accordance with §46.117” (Code of federal regulations: Basic HHS policy for protection of human research subjects, 2009, para.49).
Research should not be carried out without the express and prior informed consent of the respondents. Besides, they must be informed, well in advances about the actual research that is proposed to be carried on them, what are its advantages, benefits, risks and challenges, the scope and deliberations of the research and its many ramifications. It is very important that the perceived detriments and potential harm that these research studies are capable of inflicting should be made known to the proposed respondents and participants. They should be given every opportunity to know fully about the research before they could exercise their choice whether to participate in it or not. Besides this aspect, the next important aspect for a good ethically underlined research is that the identities of the respondents should be kept secret and not revealed to outsiders under any circumstances. The need to preserve their identities and maintain secrecy and confidentiality during the course of the research deliberations and even after it is complete is important, since research on controversial and major issues generate a great deal of public outcry, and in the event the identities of the participants, especially young people, are known, it may effect their future careers and prospects. Thus, it is very important that the identities of the respondents are well preserved under any circumstances and not revealed to anybody, except for the intents and purposes of research and not for anything else.
Characteristics of a bad and ill conceived research study
These kinds of studies could be taken up with the intent purpose of causing detriment to certain people, or certain class of people. Absence of informed consent is yet another area of unethical research.”Yet, serious ethical concerns can be raised by this study: the subjects of this clinical investigation were not informed that they were part of an investigation and did not consent to being a subject” (Sade, 2003, para.7).
The research design could be weakly conceived and executed, with non standard participants. Sometimes bribe in money, or in kind is paid to respondents for their participation and to gain the research results wanted by certain interested people or groups. The sole motive of such research is to stoke controversial issues like abortion, use of drugs and alcohol, especially among younger people, political and social issues. With a properly designed and implemented research design, lack of robust methodology and major structural defects in research, including the ethical issues that need to be safeguarded, these research studies cause more harm than good. Even considering the ethical issues like prior consent, privacy and confidentiality of respondents, unbiased and unprejudiced approach and following consistency and safe practices in the actual conduct of such research studies and practices are severally compromised. Besides, it is also seen that ill conceived research hypothesis and vague and ambiguous aims and objectives could also impact upon the ethical considerations in research, since what is not allowed under safe and sound research practices cannot be considered for the purpose of research.
Conclusions
By not upholding the highest standards of ethicality and moral practices, the use of threats, blackmail and compromises for gaining respondents and a lot of other unethical practices could severely erode the underpinning ethos and moral conduct of such research studies.
Reference List
Code of federal regulations: Basic HHS policy for protection of human research subjects. (2009). United Stated Department of Health & Human Services. Web.
Frankel, M. S., (1999). Ethical and legal aspect of human subjects research on the internet. American Association for the Advancement of Science, p.5. Web.
Sade, R. M. (2003). Ethics in cardiothoracic surgery: Publication of unethical research studies: The importance of informed consent. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery. Web.