âMy Last Duchessâ by Robert Browning is one of the finest examples of dramatic monologues. Browning dramatizes the conflict between what the Duke actually says and what he really means to say. Throughout this poem, though the Duke speaks about his demised wife, it is his arrogant obsessive nature that is being revealed unintentionally by him. The more the Duke tries to hide his selfish sadistic nature, the more evident it becomes. The irony of the situation is that the Duke tries to portray himself as a noble and powerful aristocrat, but it is his arrogant tyranny and his corruptness in abusing his power that is being revealed. Browning has used historical allusion by referring the central character to âAlfonso II, the fifth Duke of Ferrara and the last of the Este line aristocracy.â (Hawlin, 67).
The poem is a dramatic monologue of the Duke of Ferrara who has a subtle rhetoric in his speech. In this poem, the situation is the negotiation between the Duke of Ferrara and the Countâs envoy on the marriage between the Duke and the Countâs daughter. The poem has 28 rhymed couplets in aabbccdd form. Since the poem evokes emotion and not exactly a story, it is considered as lyric poetry. The monologue is expressed in iambic pentameter. A feature in the poem is the use of enjambments throughout the poem by breaking the lines and ending in the second verse, in order to obtain the rhyming. This has made the Dukeâs speech feel like a casual talk but also gives emphasis on the sadistic and dangerously obsessive nature of the Duke. The prosody used throughout the speech gives a feel of hesitation in the Dukeâs speech to the envoy. But it really disguises the egocentric arrogant man in the Duke.
In the beginning lines, the listener of the monologue by the Duke is not revealed. The listener is addressed as âyouâ thrice in the first ten lines. The Duke begins his monologue by âThatâs my last duchess painted on the wallâ. The use of âThatâsâ is a metaphor which shows how he regards his last wife and his cruelty in reducing his wife to an object to decorate his wall. In the line âLooking as if she were alive I callâ the author uses personification and tells the reader that she is not alive. This can also be considered as a pathetic fallacy as a portrait can never look alive. The continuation in the verse shows that he is not sad and what he really wants is to show off the painting to the listener as a âpiece of wonderâ. The Dukeâs mention of the name of the painter twice in these verses uses allusion.
âThat piece a wonder, now: Fra Pandolfâs hands
Worked busily a day, and there she stands.
Willât please you sit and look at her? I said
âFra Pandolfâ by design, for never readâ
This shows his pride in getting the best painter to work for him. By âWillât please you sit and look at her? I saidâ the Duke orders the listener to focus on what he says about the painting and in turn draws the complete attention of the listener to him. The rhyming in verses makes the actually commanding tone of the Duke sound as a request and pleasure.
Although one feels that personification is the device used in portraying his wife to the listener by the mention of âdepth and passion of its earnest glanceâ and the blush on his wifeâs beautiful face it is actually an irony. He says that the blush on her face was not because of her husbandâs presence, but due to the compliment she got from the artist Fra Pandolf for her beauty. He stresses on âSir, âtwas not Her husbandâs presence only called that spotâ. The use of metaphor in âsince none puts by The curtain I have drawn for you, but Iâ is evident as it shows the possessiveness of the Duke over his wife. The Duke continues to say about his wife as having âA heartâhow shall I say?âtoo soon made glad.
Too easily impressed; she liked whateâerâ. He considers this act as not befitting a Duchess. He mentions his courtiers as âofficious foolsâ and the pony which the Duchess rides as a âwhite muleâ. The hyperbole used in these verses emphasizes his anger and resentment towards the things which impress the Duchess. The selfish and sadistic Duke wanted the Duchess to give utmost importance to him and not to be happy in othersâ gifts.
A simile is used to express his biggest disappointment with her by telling âas if she ranked My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old name With anybodyâs gift.â He did not like his wife giving importance to everything just like she gave importance to his long aristocracy.
The next line points to an irony when the Duke says âEven had you skill in speechâ(which I have not)âto make your willâ; because from the poem it is evident that he has a clear skill in speech. He means that even if he had the skill, he would not stoop to the level of the lady to ask her to stop these disgusting acts which shows his arrogance and points that he considers women at a lower level than men. Euphemism is the device used to tell how the Duke murdered her Duchess.
âMuch the same smile? This grew; I gave commands;
Then all smiles stopped together. There she stands
As if alive. Willât please you rise? Weâll meetâ
The enjambment in this sentence makes the cruelty he did sound casual. This shows the cruel and tyrannical nature of the Duke who will go to any extreme to fulfill his needs. Personification is again used in saying âthere she stands As if aliveâ showing at the portrait.
Although the Duke requests the listener to get up by using âpleaseâ he says âI repeatâ in the following verse, which denotes the please is a metaphor and he literally commands and not requests. It is here he finally reveals the speaker as the Countâs envoy. Then he casually states that he will need a generous dowry for the marriage to the Countâs daughter and will not marry unless the Count gives him the dowry. By âThough his fair daughterâs self, as I avowed
At starting, is my objectâ he gives two meanings for âmy objectâ which is a metaphor. This shows his greed for wealth and his possessiveness over women. There is a dramatic irony in these words as the duke does not realizes how much he reveals about himself through these words. The Duke is obsessive about material pleasures.
In the end, on the way downstairs to meet the rest of the party, the Duke asks the Countâs envoy to âNotice Neptune, though, taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity, which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!â The mention of the Statue of Neptune taming a sea horse is a metaphor which clearly mentions the fate of the Countâs daughter after her marriage. Although the Duke just showed a beautiful piece of art through the statue, it actually reveals his inner rage and the thirst to control a woman, like Neptune taming a sea horse. Allusion is used to refer to Neptune. âLast, Ferrara needs to control the eyes of others. He curtains off the Duchess’ portrait to prevent her from looking “everywhere.” He tells his listener to look at her and to “Notice Neptuneââ (Browning, Commentary by Ian Lancashire, para.11).
Browning has ended this poem very carefully giving the readers the full blow of the cruel nature of the Duke. The use of poetic devices like metaphor and personification in the poem emphasizes the dramatic irony of the situation. The greed for material wealth and the possessiveness over women by the Duke is well established through these devices. The enjambments used throughout give more dramatic effect to the Dukeâs speech
Works Cited
Browning, Robert, My Last Duchess.
Browning, Robert. My Last Duchess: Commentary by Ian Lancashire. Representative Poetry Online. 2009. Web.
Hawlin. Robert Browning: Work: My Last Duchess. Roultedge. 2001.