This paper will present an annotated bibliography of recent research on the pathophysiology of diabetes as a chronic disease. Sources in the work are taken exclusively first-hand, that is, those who make original research and not borrowing previous research. This bibliography seeks to give an idea of the modern sociological characteristics of diabetes spread, and the progress made in medical science in search of prevention, treatment, and in general a deeper study of this incurable disease.
Ogunwole, S. M., & Golden, S. H. (2021). Social determinants of health and structural inequities: Root causes of diabetes disparities. Diabetes Care 44(1), 11-13. Web.
The study claims to be the most competent analysis of the concurrence of social determinants with predisposition to diabetes. The authors also point out that racial discrimination in the class organization of society can create social groups that are most vulnerable to this disease. The study uses a ladder framework as a method, pointing out that a large amount of social unrest, leading to the spread of disease, stems directly from racism. It is the consequences of discrimination and socioeconomic deprivation, according to the authors of the study that are the cause of stress, depression, biological and psychosocial vulnerabilities. Low education and limited access to health care only exacerbate these problems, creating conditions for the development of the disease. Obesity, hypertension, or cardiovascular diseases, which are products of an unhealthy environment, lead to diabetes and related complications. As a result, the authors point out the need for a detailed study of the relationship of these factors with the pathogenesis of the disease, which can help both diagnosis and treatment.
Forouhi, N. G., & Wareham, N. J. (2020). Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine 47(1), 22-27. Web.
The task of the next study described in the bibliography is to address the problem of the spread of diabetes as a full-fledged epidemic. Despite the general title of the article, in essence it is not devoted merely to epidemiology, but is directly linked to the social aspects that contribute to the formation of the disease at such a global level with a long-term perspective of spread. Researchers have found a doubling of diabetic patients worldwide by 2017, which is linked to dietary habits. The global population is prone to obesity and poor dietary choices contribute to the development of diabetes. To this is also added low physical activity, causing the disease to progress. The methodology of this study is based on statistical assumptions, and further hypothetical calculations, which indicate the physiological difference in the effects of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The authors point out that the prevention of type 2 diabetes is a more realistic prospect in the future and makes it a feasible task for the medical community. The main finding of this article is the discovery of the nutrition transition phenomenon as the main reason for the sharp increase in the growth of diabetic diseases. The authors conclude the study by pointing out that mellitus diabetes is divided into two types, where type 1 remains not fully understood in its causality, while type 2 appears to be preventable.
Nagar, S. D., Napoles, A. M., King Jordan, I., & Marino-Ramirez. Socioeconomic deprivation and genetic ancestry interact to modify type 2 diabetes ethnic disparities in the United Kingdom. eClinical Medicine 37, 100960. Web.
Due to the ineradicability of diabetes in society and the constant global increase in incidence, this article proposes to look at the determinants of this disease from a socioeconomical perspective. Social determinants are the principal causes of such a massive incidence of diabetes and are associated with the distribution of eating habits in the social strata of society. The authors point out that the monetarization of health care and the pandemic have revealed inequalities in British society, where ethnic and minority groups have fewer advantages. Aspects such as education and wealth, physical environment, access to health care all influence nutrition and lifestyle. Low levels of health awareness are found in low-income social groups, who are thus most at risk. Researchers point out that in the United Kingdom there is a direct link between the spread of type 2 diabetes and the socioeconomic empowerment of national minorities. As a method, a structure was modeled considering the Townsend social deprivation index, minority genotype data, and type 2 diabetes status. It turns out that for citizens of the South Asian and African races, social risks are high in the context of the impact on the formation of the disease.
Silva-Tinoco, R., Cuatecontzi-Xochitiotzi, De la Torre-Saldana, Leon-Garcia, E., Serna-Alvarado, J., Guzman-Olvera, E., Cabrera, D., Gay, J. G., & Prada, D. (2020). Role of social and other determinants of health in the effect of a multicomponent integrated care strategy on type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal for Equity in Health 19(75). Web.
The authors of this article point to the lack of a significant amount of technical knowledge on the treatment of type 2 diabetes in low-affluence countries. The social determinants of health thus play a significant role in determining the quality of diabetes care and therapeutic interventions. The basis of the study is based on the hypothesis that the socioeconomic and educational status of the population influences the quality of type 2 diabetes care. The researchers aim to investigate the program of multi-component integrated care for diabetes and how to implement it in countries with middle and low incomes. The research method is to create a design before-after format, consisting of a pre-test, a long-term intervention for 5 months, and a conclusion. The Mexico City population with type 2 diabetes is taken as a focus group by the researchers. It is considered how quantitatively calculated information about the quality of health and self-care among residents can affect the results of their treatment. Glycated hemoglobin content, blood pressure level, and cholesterol content were considered an indication of the effectiveness of the treatment. Scientists have established a direct relationship between the level of education and awareness about their own health and diabetes care. Education about a given disease is indeed realized in a decrease in glycated hemoglobin levels. This demonstrates that social and educational determinants determine the level of knowledge about the disease and, accordingly, the quality of its treatment.