Introduction
The PRECEDE-PROCEED model was formulated in two phases – PROCEDE and PROCEED. Even though the main focus of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model is health promotion, it also applies a medical perspective to public health. The concept assumes that a broad diagnosis should come before a public health intervention, just as a diagnosis comes before therapy in medicine. The PRECEDE-PROCEED approach is a thorough framework for identifying health needs and developing, implementing, and analyzing public health initiatives that promote healthy living (Guevarra et al., 2019). The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is essential in enabling healthcare providers to establish a practical design for promoting oral rehydration solution use in children in a developing country.
Discussion
The PRECEDE is an acronym for Predisposing, Reinforcing, and Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation. The process involves assessing community health in five factors. Firstly, social assessment involves finding a population’s social requirements, challenges, and desired outcomes (Guevarra et al., 2019). The second factor is the epidemiological assessment, which entails setting priorities and objectives after determining the health aspects influencing the difficulties found (Guevarra et al., 2019). The third facet is the ecological valuation which encompasses an analysis of the environmental and behavioral factors that influence, support, and facilitate behaviors and lifestyles (Guevarra et al., 2019). The fourth component of the PRECEDE is determining the administrative and policy issues that affect implementation, and then choosing the best interventions to promote the desired and anticipated changes.
On the other hand, PROCEED is an acronym for Policy, Regulatory, and Organizational Constructs in Educational and Environmental Development. It entails determining intended results and carrying out the program. The components of PROCEED include, firstly, an implementation which involves creating the intervention, determining the resources’ availability, and then putting the program into action (Parlas & Eryilmaz, 2022).
The second component is process evaluation. It checks whether the program addresses the intended audience and delivers the anticipated results (Parlas & Eryilmaz, 2022). The third component of PROCEED is impact evaluation, which consists of analyzing the behavior change (Parlas & Eryilmaz, 2022). The last component is outcome evaluation (Parlas & Eryilmaz, 2022). It involves determining whether the incidence or prevalence of the indicated bad behavior has decreased or increased, and the same goes for the recognized positive behavior.
An oral rehydration solution (ORS) is a mixture of water, salt, and sugar in a precise ratio. The PRECEDE phase 1 involves analysis of the available studies on the prevalence of diarrhea and dehydration in children in developing countries. The existing data support that poor oral health is one of the most pressing unmet medical needs in a developing country such as Uganda (Wagner et al., 2019). The community, including direct care employees, supervisors, and dental professionals who treat work in the area, are consulted during this planning phase.
PRECEDE phase two involves epidemiological assessment. Some of the existing health factors that promote the prevalence of dehydration and diarrhea among children in Uganda include lack of access to safe water, poor personal hygiene, and inadequate sanitation, all of which can be easily changed by health promotion and education (Wagner et al., 2019). The use of ORS can be significantly increased by giving ORS packets to community health workers (CHW) and requesting them to provide the packets to parents before a kid gets diarrhea (Wagner et al., 2019). Because most rural Ugandan communities already have CHWs and ORS is so affordable, it can be scaled up quickly if this intervention is successful.
Phase 3 of PRECEDE involves ecological assessment. This stage identified the variables that, if changed, were most likely to cause behavioral change and maintain this change process (Wagner et al., 2019). These elements are typically categorized as reinforcing, enabling, and predisposing elements. The reinforcing factors include that only 46% of the diarrhea cases in Uganda are treated with ORS (Wagner et al., 2019). The enabling factor will be to provide the CHW with the packets and distribute them to the parents in time. Phase 4 of the PRECEDE involves the operational diagnosis and evaluation of the organizational circumstances, resources, budgetary requirements, and policies that would help or hinder the creation and implementation of the strategy or program (Wagner et al., 2019).
Phase 5 of the PRECEDE involves implementing the strategies and solutions developed from Phase 1 up to 1. The PROCEED phase comprises a pilot study to hone the ORS promotion plan, put it into practice, and evaluate its effectiveness in an experimental setting (Wagner et al., 2019). This phase’s objectives are to evaluate the intervention processes, their effects on mediators, and the results regarding the quality of life and dental health of children utilizing ORS.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a comprehensive framework for assessing health needs and creating, executing, and evaluating public health activities that support healthy living. The elements of this model can be categorized into two; the PRECEDE and PROCEED elements. The PRECEDE elements include social assessment, epidemiological assessment, ecological assessment, determination of the administrative and policy, and implementation. On the other hand, the PROCEED elements include implementation, impact evaluation, process evaluation, and outcome evaluation. The model was used as a framework to describe the design of a program to promote oral rehydration solution use in children in Uganda. The PROCEED phase identified that the use of ORS can be significantly increased by giving ORS packets to community health workers (CHW) and requesting them to provide the packets to parents before a kid gets diarrhea.
References
Guevarra, J. P., Peden, A. E., & Franklin, R. C. (2021). Application of the PRECEDE–PROCEED model in developing evidence-informed interventions for drowning prevention: A mixed-methods study protocol. BMJ Open, 11(7). Web.
Parlas, M., & Eryılmaz, G. (2022). Application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Planning Model in Designing a Genital Health Program. Journal of Client-Centered Nursing Care, 8(4), 0-0. Web.
Wagner, Z., Asiimwe, J. B., Dow, W. H., & Levine, D. I. (2019). The role of price and convenience in using oral rehydration salts to treat child diarrhea: A randomized cluster trial in Uganda. PLoS Medicine, 16(1). Web.