Principles of Action and Side Effects of Some Medications Essay

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Medical morphine is one of the most potent analgesics used in modern medicine to relieve pain. It is also prescribed for various shock conditions, such as edematous syndrome, when the lungs and brain suffer, and severe hypertensive crisis. Contraindications: respiratory depression, acute liver diseases, pregnancy (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Morphine harms almost all systems and organs of the human body, causing: confusion, muscle twitching, and hyperhidrosis.

Bisoprolol

Bisoprolol is a drug widely used in cardiological practice, as it is prescribed for arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmia. Contraindications: cardiogenic shock, sinoatrial blockade, severe forms of bronchial asthma (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects: headaches, loss of consciousness, hearing impairment.

Digoxin

Digoxin has a pronounced cardiotonic effect, due to which it increases the shock volume of blood and minute volume and reduces the oxygen demand of myocardial cells. Contraindications: signs of glycoside intoxication, hypersensitivity to digoxin, atrioventricular blockade of the second degree (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects include slowing of atrioventricular conduction, slowing of the rhythm, the appearance of heterotropic foci of myocardial excitation.

Amlodipine

Amlodipine is a blocker of “slow” calcium channels, and it has antihypertensive and antianginal effects. This medicine blocks the “slow” calcium channels and reduces the transmembrane transfer of calcium ions into the cell. Contraindications to amlodipine include severe arterial hypotension, obstruction of the left ventricle’s outflow tract, and shock (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Amlodipine can cause allergic reactions, anxiety, and fatigue.

Flucloxacillin

Flucloxacillin is effective against gram-positive and gram-negative cocci and some gram-negative bacilli, such as klebsiella, shigella, salmonella, and E. coli. Flucloxacillin has a number of contraindications, including, for example, hypersensitivity, severe renal and hepatic insufficiency (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). This drug can cause nausea, vomiting, cholestatic hepatitis.

Rivaroxaban

Rivaroxaban is used to treat deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism and prevent the formation of blood clots during atrial fibrillation and after hip or knee surgery. Contraindications: hereditary lactose or galactose intolerance, breastfeeding (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects tachycardia, allergic dermatitis, intracerebral and intracranial hemorrhages.

Diazepam

Diazepam is used for neurosis-like and neurotic conditions accompanied by fear and anxiety. It is applied for premedication before surgical intervention and introduction into anesthesia. Contraindications include hepatic and renal insufficiency, angle-closure glaucoma, and myasthenia gravis (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). When administered intravenously, this medicine can cause drowsiness, lethargy, and hypotension.

Lorazepam

Like all benzodiazepines, lorazepam enhances the inhibitory effect of GABAergic neurons of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Contraindications: alcohol poisoning, acute porphyria, glaucoma (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects include drowsiness, fatigue, dizziness.

Levetiracetam

Levetiracetam is an antiepileptic agent and prevents the development of seizures in various experimental models of partial and primary generalized seizures without a proconvulsive effect. Contraindications: are hypersensitivity and children under four years of age (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects: thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, anorexia.

Citalopram

Citalopram is an antidepressant, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Contraindications include simultaneous administration with pimozide, childhood, and adolescence (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects include bleeding, anaphylactic reactions, decreased appetite.

Ondansetron

Ondansetron is an antiemetic of central action, contraindications of which are pregnancy and breastfeeding, simultaneous use of ondansetron with apomorphine, and hypersensitivity to the active substance (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects of this drug include headache, seizures, motor disorders, chest pain, and constipation.

Doxazosin

The administration of doxazosin to patients with symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia leads to a significant improvement in urodynamic parameters and a decrease in the manifestations of symptoms of the disease. Among the contraindications to this drug are chronic infectious diseases of the urinary tract, breastfeeding, lactase deficiency (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). This drug has the following side effects: respiratory tract infections, agitation, anxiety, shortness of breath.

Gliclazide

Gliclazide reduces blood glucose concentration by stimulating the secretion of insulin by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans. Contraindications: type 1 diabetes mellitus, severe renal or hepatic insufficiency, and simultaneous administration of miconazole (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects: hunger, nausea, anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukopenia.

Frusemide

Frusemide is used for cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, ascitic cirrhosis, and nephrotic syndrome. Contraindications: acute renal failure, hepatic or diabetic coma, gout, hyperuricemia, and diabetes mellitus (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypovolemia, impaired liver function, and photosensitization are possible.

Omeprazole

Omeprazole is a drug that inhibits the secretion of gastric acid and is used to treat stomach ulcers and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Contraindications: hypersensitivity to omeprazole and children under four years of age (Some Drugs and Herbal Products). Side effects: leukopenia, stomatitis, and hypomagnesemia.

Reference List

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