In living systems, proteins are among the most abundant organic molecules. In general, genes regulate and code proteins, which, together with the environment, can affect the traits of organisms. Proteins can be divided into several types, and the structures and functions of these different proteins vary. At the same time, their primary system may be described as follows: they are “amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence” (Bierema, 2021, Ch. 16). Thus, precisely, amino acids’ chemical properties define a protein’s structure.
Since the primary structure is already mentioned in the paper, reviewing the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary levels of protein organization is also essential. According to researchers, “the secondary structure contains regions of amino acid chains that are stabilized by hydrogen bonds from the polypeptide backbone” (Sanvictores & Farci, 2021, para. 2). Consequently, beta-pleated sheets and alpha-helix are created by these hydrogen bonds (Bierema, 2021. The next level of organization is determined by “the interactions of side chains from the polypeptide backbone” (Sanvictores & Farci, 2021, para. 2). Finally, the quaternary structure is created when at least two polypeptides engage in the side-chain interactions. While all proteins have the first three levels of structure, only some additionally have the quaternary one.
As for proteins’ functions, as mentioned above, they also vary according to amino acids’ chemical properties. However, it is fair to notice that all proteins play a valuable role in the biological processes of living organisms. According to Smith (2018), proteins can control cell differentiation and growth, transmit nerve impulses, and generate movement. Their responsibilities also include providing immune protection and mechanical support, as well as storing and transporting other molecules (Smith, 2018). Finally, if a protein’s structure changes, its function may also change.
References
Bierema, A. (2021). An interactive introduction to organismal and molecular biology (2nd ed.). Michigan State University Libraries.
Sanvictores, T., & Farci, F. (2021). Biochemistry, primary protein structure. National Library of Medicine.
Smith, Y. (2018). Protein structure and function.Medical News.