Abstract
More people increasingly prefer to work from home (WFH). This shift in work practices has required new technological needs, including smarter home technologies. This study reviews the literature on the application of smart home technologies, specifically the Internet of Things (IoT), in the context of WFH during the COVID-19 pandemic. The review found the primary focus of smart home technologies is to simplify everyday tasks and improve efficiency. People WFH can perform various office tasks and incorporate sustainable approaches in increasingly digitalized households. Though specific challenges slow the adoption of smart home systems, their benefits appear to optimize work and operations for employees and businesses.
Introduction
As remedies to COVID-19 have been developing, technology and data collide in unprecedented ways. The outbreak of coronavirus has not only transformed the way many companies work but also hastened the demise of countless firms worldwide (Amankwah-Amoah et al., 2021). This paper explores the literature on the evolution of digitalization considering the COVID-19 pandemic, which has resulted in the widespread adoption of smart homes and is expected to continue. Furthermore, several technologies that have become especially important under these circumstances will be discussed.
From a critical perspective, the post-COVID-19 era has hastened the transformation from traditional work modalities to remote working. The technological advancements witnessed over the years have occasioned a paradigm shift. More specifically, working from home has shifted from the traditional perception of domestic workers and caregivers to more advanced professions such as banking, teaching, and engineering. Though subtly, several research studies have revealed the importance of working from home and the benefits and limitations of employees’ rising need to work from home.
Working from home in a fully smart home has introduced new possibilities for how organizations operate and structure themselves (Ipsen et al., 2021). With the breakout of COVID-19, working from home has offered some employers the flexibility they require to continue their business operations while prioritizing the health and safety of their workers (Okuyan & Begen, 2022). Indeed, before the coronavirus pandemic, there was a rising trend of working from home because various organizations had established the advantages it could bring to their businesses.
Within unforeseeable conditions, organizations have been forced to digitize their working practices regardless of their resources and skills. The pandemic has provided an opportunity to investigate the sustainability of remote work in a new setting where employees are confined to their homes (Rana et al., 2021). On the one hand, these situations strain businesses and workers. On the other hand, the case has blurred the lines between home and work activities and locations. The usage of smart homes has expanded as work and home areas have merged into hybrid spaces. T his study aims to explore how smart home technologies are employed in work-from-home settings in the context of coronavirus-related restrictions and transformations.
Theoretic Framework
Remote working or teleworking are terms that are interchangeably used but are related. Pioneer research was fuelled when working from home meant working away from the workplace, basically utilizing technological communication as a substitute for commuting (Diab-Bahman & Al-Enzi, 2020). Teleworking is a form of flexible work involving remote work dependent on information and communication technologies. However, modern teleworking processes entail three significant forms of working.
Essential forms of teleworking are home-based telework, teleworking from remote offices, and mobile telework. Home-based telework is a category of remote work involving low- or high-skilled duties at home. On the other hand, teleworking from remote offices refers to jobs far away from the main office or headquarters using communication technologies. Mobile telework incorporates completing assignments that are ordinarily done by those who work away from their working base. Interestingly, the COVID-19 pandemic changed the notion of teleworking to mean working from home, or as it is referred to remote working.
Today, smart homes make people’s lives easier and more convenient day-to-day. Many manual tasks have become automated or considerably improved with the help of smart devices. The smart home concept entails using Internet-connected solutions that can be operated remotely from a smartphone or tablet (Gupta et al., 2021).
The COVID-19 pandemic drastically influenced the future of smart home gadgets, resulting in their rapid adoption. People have begun transforming their living environments into places where they can work and study effectively (Maalsen & Dowling, 2020). The move of many organizations to remote work has been a critical factor in the development of smart houses. The development and proliferation of smart home technologies has increased as a result, and these technologies are closely related to the changing working conditions.
Methodology
Published papers from various peer-reviewed journals linked to the development of smart homes and digitalization in the age of COVID-19 were summarized as part of the search for relevant material. The databases, including Jstor, ScienceDirect, ACM Digital Library, Scopus, Elsevier, and Google Scholar, were used to conduct the literature search in April and May 2022. The search was made using a specific combination of phrases and keywords (refer to the abstract). Each publication was examined to evaluate eligibility and gather information about the study.
Research Questions
A total of five research questions (RQ) were formulated for this study. They are the following:
- RQ1: How the smart house technologies been adopted to serve their purpose in users’ homes?
- RQ2: What are the characteristics of the smart home environment?
- RQ3: What is the role of cyber-security technologies in smart houses?
- RQ4: What is the relevance of the Internet of Things (IoT) in the context of smart home technologies?
- RQ5: How has the smart home context changed due to the social shifts brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic?
Research Approach
Snyder (2019) used the narrative review approach. This approach may be beneficial for gathering and summarizing the literature on a particular topic area. Its primary goal is to present thorough information to the reader to grasp existing knowledge and underline the necessity of new research. Descriptive reviews can assist researchers in generating new ideas by finding gaps or inconsistencies in the corpus of knowledge, thus allowing research questions or hypotheses to be constructed.
There is limited literature on the usage of smart home technology. Most prior studies have focused on innovative house technologies from a technological standpoint. In contrast, another study area has explored the services of smart home products.
While the research on smart homes suggests that technology can enhance living circumstances and housekeeping duties, there is little evidence that smart homes influence work-related results. The study used a systematic approach to analyze and synthesize materials relevant to the smart home phenomenon. Furthermore, it discusses the smart home concept, its benefits to remote work, and possible threats. The study’s objective is to identify future trends of smart homes and their influence on remote work.
Results
The literature exclusively dealing with the issue of smart home development and its relation to the future of work-from-home settings is relatively scarce. However, several articles discuss this issue within the broader topic of digitalization and the Internet of Things (IoT). Several studies touch upon the issue of possible dangers of further digitalization of working conditions and its direct link to the development of smart homes, cities, and innovative building concepts. Overall, the way in which smart home technologies will help people work from home in the future relies on several sets of factors, which are directly or indirectly discussed in the allocated research literature. In this sense, the workplace is regarded as essential.
Adoption of Smart House Technologies
There are still two basic ways to categorize and understand smart houses based on whether they rely on living spaces or power systems. The first category is created by Marikyan et al. (2019) by designating them as residences that have information and communication technology (ICT). Waleed et al. (2018) pointed to the increasing cost-effectiveness of a smart home; hence, a wider range of people can enjoy the benefits of a smart home and pursue remote working. Currently, numerous technologies containing sensors can be embedded in smart homes. Schieweck et al. (2018) emphasize the importance of the constant development of the smart home to be up to date with the technological growth taking place over the years.
This paper thus analyses the future trends of smart homes, such as their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, multi-purposefulness, and flexibility, especially since they entail the use of a smartphone. The system design is user-friendly and has been successfully tested and assessed by various users. However, there is a need for the integration of high-resolution cameras and more security features to enable the ubiquitous adoption of this cost-effective system for those working remotely (Waleed et al., 2018). The system should be expanded in order to be used by several people, for example, everyone in the house who owns an iPhone.
The justification for adopting smart homes is matching the supply and demand in real-time and reducing peak time, as well as assisting in integrating more distributed renewable generation into electricity systems. Scholars specializing in energy industry issues assume that energy efficiency is directly related to a home’s integration of smart solution. However, this assumption is limited by the idea that a smart home is not occupied by people, which can significantly affect energy outcomes (Gram-Hanssen & Darby, 2017).
Researchers have emphasized the importance of proper level automation in increasing the adoption of smart homes and using these spaces for remote work. Despite the smart homes’ growing popularity and advantages, people have not vastly responded to the trend due to limited consumer demand, high device prices, and long device replacement cycles that inhibit smart home diffusion (Yang et al., 2018). Thus, a significant challenge is linked to the disregard of social aspects and issues integrating and distributing smart home services.
Researchers have previously analyzed smart homes but ignored user attributes and their environments. Most approaches focus entirely on technology and experiments; hence, they do not consider what an individual would need from a smart home to enjoy working and living there. According to Yang et al. (2018), controllability, reliability, and interconnectedness significantly affect users’ satisfaction.
Interestingly, automation is not a defining factor because people generally seek more effective and safer options for remote feature management instead of highly automated services. Thus, users feel much safer when they can control the devices, hence the need for a limited form of automation. Apartment residents prioritize interconnectedness and controllability, while house owners prefer reliability and automation. Men are more likely to be drawn to the interconnectivity of devices, while women choose reliability over other traits because they are more risk-averse (Yang et al., 2018).
However, the study is limited because its main findings are based on South Korean data. Thus, future studies need to be geographically and ethnically diverse to generalize the results (Yang et al., 2018). The study sheds light on the specific factors that will ensure the adoption of smart home services and their customization based on such characteristics as gender, age, and living conditions. The study is a foundation for customizing smart home services for remote work according to the different user preferences.
The commercial smart home platforms often limit their multi-user support, giving house residents different levels of information, as evidenced by SmartThings (Geeng & Roesner, 2019). Consequently, tensions and challenges arise between remote workers sharing a similar smart home. Researchers have conducted a mixed-methods study that included 18 subjects, primarily those pushing to adopt smart devices in their homes (Geeng & Roesner, 2019). The researchers observed an outsized role of the installer of the smart home devices in terms of selection, control, and fixing of these devices. There were tensions in device selection and installation, users not knowing what to do when things go wrong, regular device usage, and long-term changes in homes (Geeng & Roesner, 2019).
The central themes included power, agency, technical interest, and skill differences between active and passive users working in a smart home. The drivers get more functionality from working remotely, while the inactive users depend on them for their comfort (Hargreaves & Wilson, 2017). According to the study, the co-occupants of the smart home minimally voiced their privacy concerns.
However, this is part of the study’s limitations, as they had a bias in their selection of subjects, with the subjects mainly being smart home drivers (Geeng & Roesner, 2019). They might not be conscious of the serious worries that passive users might have. From the preceding, smart home designers should include multi-user functionalities during the account creation process to streamline the process for all residents, especially those working from home.
Remote Work Environment
Many scholars agree with the statement that a remote work environment will become optimal soon due to the increased adoption of smart house systems. According to Guan et al. (2022), smart work will imply a home workplace environment where data flow is rapid and straightforward. Existing options include integrating a secured WFH setting with the latest intelligent gadgets “sitting” on the same network (Guan et al.., 2022).
Users at home subsequently obtain options such as user and remote access, multi-level network security, web filtering, customer support available 24/7, as well as a corporate management dashboard, all of which are available via an easy-to-use smartphone app (Guan et al., 2022). Additionally, smart home systems are beneficial for businesses that may see spending on office areas and equipment decrease drastically (Guan et al., 2022). Thus, the concept of smart home technologies and remote work will grow in demand.
Cyber-Security in Smart Houses
Researchers claim that the smart home phenomenon can be detrimental to both employee and business privacy. Because of WFH’s unique contextual consistency, specifically surroundings, it should be noted whether these remote conditions are influenced by personal smart home products (Abdi et al., 2021). For example, when a client is in a secret conference, the smart home gadget might capture voice recordings or confidential materials (Abdi et al., 2021).
Butt et al. (2021) further claim that cyber-attacks on remote employees working from home have significantly escalated due to the global pandemic. For financial gain and espionage, cybercriminals have exploited the weaknesses of both private and business users (Georgiadou et al., 2021). In order to get access to business networks, criminals want to take advantage of insecure smart homes through the Internet of Things (Butt et al., 2021). This means that homeowners must be especially cautious of this modern technology.
Relevance of the Internet of Things (IoT)
IoT technologies are expected to play a significant role in the post-pandemic environment. IoT has swiftly become one of the most well-known commercial and technical terms in light of the COVID-19 pandemic (Yousif et al., 2021). The Internet of Things facilitates communication with smart devices by enabling access from multiple locations, enhancing data exchange efficiency, and enhancing computing and storage capacity when paired with other technologies like cloud computing and the integration of actuators and smart sensors (Umair et al., 2021). The research by Umair et al. (2021) showed that these improvements are likely to influence remote work habits and are ideally suited to make it simpler to maintain the work environment.
However, while IoT-based technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live beyond COVID-19, further research and validation are required before widespread use (see Figure 1). Security and privacy problems are critical obstacles to installing smart infrastructures and have been the focus of much research. For instance, home automation assaults have become more common as cybercriminals use Internet of Things (IoT) devices to reach a larger network (Gupta et al., 2021). The move to a digital office employing smart houses is being hampered by factors such as organizational inflexibility, cash-based company practices, and the digital divide in the case of small businesses.
There are differences between research and the practical deployment of artificial intelligence in smart homes. Although research has been conducted to investigate artificial intelligence in smart homes, there is little information and material on how to integrate the products. Guo et al. (2019) evaluated smart home goods, technological trends, and the link between smart home items and literature. They perform product and literature reviews to identify the responsibilities and tasks of artificial intelligence in smart homes and examine their relevance (see Figure 2). According to their research, the six critical tasks of artificial intelligence in smart homes are data processing, activity identification, picture recognition, speech recognition, projection, and decision-making (Guo et al., 2019).
Activity recognition involves recognizing human activity and analyzing sensor data to detect actions and alert residents of abnormal activity. Data processing entails analyzing data to extract information from various sources and recognize intrinsic relationships (Kopytko et al., 2018). The conversational interface is used in the famous Alexa and employs voice-driven technologies that allow interaction between people and artificial intelligence through conversation.
Image recognition can analyze the physical attributes of humans, while decision-making involves deciding which action is the most appropriate in consideration of the input data (Kopytko et al., 2018). In terms of forecasting, sensors create data gathered by the computer network and archived for processing and producing trends, patterns, and forecasts (Kopytko et al., 2018). These functions are responsible for the trends in adopting smart home technology, as shown in the diagram below.
Researchers found that artificial intelligence products have six functions in smart homes: entertainment, energy management, personal robots, healthcare, intelligent interaction, and security. There are limited publications on applying artificial intelligence products, with the existing literature based primarily on new research. However, one can observe an increasing number of studies and applications of artificial intelligence in smart homes.
Since 2015, healthcare-based research has decreased steadily, while intelligent interaction studies have increased (Guo et al., 2019). Energy management is another field with intensifying research; hence, one may deduce that in the future, the trend will focus on the interactions between the environment and people, smart home customization, and increasing the sustainability of smart homes. The findings of product reviews indicated that decision-making is a popular reason for adopting artificial intelligence in smart homes.
Interestingly, artificial intelligence functions are disproportionate in terms of product and literature distribution. For example, there are limited studies on voice recognition and image recognition, although they encompass most artificial intelligence products (Guo et al., 2019). Notably, more companies will make use of the diverse array of technologies that artificial intelligence provides as the technology advances over the next few decades (Guo et al., 2019). The multiple functions of artificial intelligence are expected to meet more consumer needs and enable them to interact with the technology in their everyday routines seamlessly; hence, it will positively influence remote work.
In order to solve the security concerns with smart homes, Fakroon et al. (2019) provide an effective and anonymous authentication system for safe communications in smart homes. They emphasize the resource constraints of IoT devices and their deployment in unmonitored and insecure environments (Fakroon et al., 2020). IoT infrastructure security is aided by authentication methods and device identities. However, conventional authentication schemes require large computations that IoT devices cannot undertake due to limited resources.
In addition, many IoT devices lack the processing capability and storage capacity needed to implement current authentication methods that rely on costly cryptographic techniques (Ali et al., 2022). When it comes to provisioning and authentication, these systems require user intervention. Using password-based methods is no longer an option, especially after the Mirai IoT botnet destroyed a considerable portion of the network in a distributed denial-of-service assault. Passwords are easily cracked, and many IoT systems lack a password authentication mechanism. As a result, there is a need for a new approach and protocol to robustly authenticate IoT agents while catering to the IoT ecosystem’s environmental and architectural constraints.
Although authorization techniques for remote smart home access have been proposed, they are neither safe nor easy enough to accommodate a smart house’s IoT resource-constrained components. They ignore physical context knowledge, such as geolocation and transaction history, which are critical in preventing known authentication assaults such as the Mirai attack (Fakroon et al., 2020). The authors of the study used anonymous authentication and integrated situational awareness with transaction records in their concept for remote access to smart homes.
The proposed system’s advantages are that it avoids clocking synchronization problems and does not store verification data (Fakroon et al., 2020). The study revealed that the suggested strategy was more cost-effective than the others regarding bits and messages sent. However, it was less cost-effective than one of the previously proposed ones because they had more safety features and functionality verification between user and gateway and stolen smartphone threat, password reset attack, mutual authentication between customer and gateway, and physical situational awareness (Fakroon et al., 2020).
Furthermore, employers can be involved with their workers’ health through smart homes. According to Verma and Sood (2018), the Internet of Things (IoT) technology is a dependable and organized technique for handling healthcare service delivery features such as telehealth and healthcare. Fog-computing programs run on the edge of network devices rather than in cloud-computing data centers (Verma & Sood, 2018). It generates enormous amounts of data that cloud computing can process. It collects health data from various medical and IoT sensors and notifies one of any unfolding adverse events.
At the network’s edge, this architecture employs sophisticated technologies and services such as distributed memory, integrated data mining, and notification systems (Debauche et al., 2019). The research results on this issue show that the model is highly accurate and has a higher response time than other classification algorithms. The data helps companies make decisions based on the employee’s real-time healthcare data, enhancing the proposed system’s value.
Development of Smart Home in Relation to COVID-19
In addition to the potential advantages of future smart home offices, a number of studies took into account the drawbacks and challenges associated with their development. Umair et al. (2021) named the expenses and technical expertise necessary for home automation as two of the most significant impediments to smart home development in the current era (Umair et al., 2021). This calls for the efficient combination and evaluation of data generated and collected from various sources.
To make smart adoption easier, the customization limit must be lowered. Plug-and-play solutions must be developed so that they can be installed and utilized by those who do not possess any complex technical skills (Umair et al., 2021). It was brought to attention that as a result of these advancements, the energy sector’s expanding demand must adapt to the changes brought about by COVID-19 in human lifestyle and energy consumption habits (Yousif et al., 2021).
People will likely spend more time at home in the future, and energy consumption is shifting away from commercial enterprises and households (Rapuano et al., 2020). Gupta et al. (2021) stated that in smart houses and smart buildings in general, energy supply and billing should be optimized based on occupancy patterns. Thus, technology allows access to work from home and widens the home environment’s boundaries. The quick adoption and integration of technology in the home is probably going to continue in the post-pandemic environment (Rana et al., 2021).
Aside from the theoretical research on the issue of smart homes and their relation to work-from-home settings, there are some practical considerations and examples. As demonstrated through them, smart home technologies definitely benefit people working remotely. A smart house, for example, may provide parents control over their children without disturbing them from their jobs. In this scenario, home security cameras in a child’s bedroom, playroom, or wherever they spend time can be a solution.
Access live camera feeds from anywhere in the house through the particular application (Maalsen & Dowling, 2020). Controlling settings is another advantage of working from home (Rana et al., 2021). For example, the smart home thermostat makes it easy to control the humidity and temperature in the home office, enhancing comfort and efficiency at work.
Discussion
The literature review results indicate that smart homes involve using various digital equipment and promoting sustainability and security. Most scholars agree that a smart home is beneficial for remote employees because it enhances efficiency and productivity (Mustajab et al., 2020). Researchers assert, however, that smart houses contain technological flaws that hackers could exploit to steal personal information for their own benefit.
A series of events led industries and numerous businesses to adapt to the new reality, exploring innovative ways of employment. Meanwhile, employees explore the concept of a smart home that utilizes built-in technologies that can be controlled remotely, as some digital equipment does not need human monitoring. The benefit of such an approach is a significant increase in productivity. Therefore, the idea of a smart house with remote work may be seen as a potential mix that could become more well-liked in the future.
The current discussion about working from home is grounded on the technological advancements in the communication, science, engineering, and mathematics sectors. Smart working is currently embraced by the advanced professions that were traditionally office-dependent because of COVID-19 and guidelines that are presented against the disease. Compared to any other phenomenon, working from home has advantages and disadvantages, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Advantages and disadvantages of working remotely from home
Importance of a Smart Environment
A remote working environment represents new performance qualities, techniques, and situations that are influenced by the environment itself and relevant equipment. Rana et al. (2021) research proved beneficial in examining the link between task and technology fit, which is crucial because people may stop using technologies if they detect a mismatch between the task’s needs and the capacity to accomplish them (Rana et al., 2021). Smart homes can help people control their work environment and boost productivity. Voice-activated assistants and other smart home technologies provide seamless communication and automation, making virtual collaboration easier (Umair et al., 2021).
Additionally, it is believed that smart homes increase the effectiveness of carrying out personal tasks. The significance of smart home technology services is illustrated by remote work applications such workplace condition monitoring (Amankwah-Amoah et al., 2021). Some of the literature suggests that creating pleasant working conditions while working from home is linked to individual task performance, which, in turn, has a good impact on job results (Purwanto et al., 2020). Given the advantages of smart homes in terms of providing comfort, their implementation might help improve the settings for remote work, which is critical for greater productivity and well-being (Gupta et al., 2021). Smart homes are vital in this respect and give the required comfort, while the advancement of this component is expected to be critical in the future for working from home.
Importance of a Smart Home
Smart homes are gaining immense popularity due to their convenient features. According to Strengers and Nicholls (2017), improving productivity and making everyday tasks easier have always been the focus of consumer advertising. Making life and work easier through technology and integrated commerce is the same objective as the smart home concept (Strengers & Nicholls, 2017). The core of this approach is the integration of internet-enabled devices and equipment into the home’s architecture. Smart home supporters believe that a significant positive aspect of this time-efficient way of life is connected with energy-efficient usage, which may be reached via simplicity and streamlining of processes.
Limitations
During the pandemic, various institutions advised their employees to work from home (Diab-Bahman & Al-Enzi, 2020). As a challenge this paper explored information security as a challenge that bedevils smart workers. The increase in the problem of cyber-attacks is attributed to the rise in the number of those who are working from their homes (Butt et al., 2021). Clearly, the COVID-19 pandemic period acted as the turning point for a paradigm shift in work modalities.
Since the review depended heavily on research conducted amid the COVID-19 pandemic, there are limitations regarding the reliability of the information. C onsidering the special conditions of isolation and a challenging economic situation due to COVID-19 lockdowns, the reliability of the studies might be compromised (Georgiadou et al. 2021).
Conclusion
The usage of smart home technologies is expected to increase due to convenient and accessible features. Employees who work from home can benefit from remote network access, network security, web filtering, and a corporate management dashboard. The smart home technologies provide time-efficient features that facilitate the successful implementation of work tasks.
Moreover, it benefits companies since smart homes for employees and remote work decrease business costs. Smart working eliminates the need to travel some distances to work. The pros are derived from dependable, effective, and responsive organizations. The benefits that both the employer and employee receive are correlational because they depend on others, and a benefit enjoyed by one party ignites the rise of another advantage.
However, the model of smart working has some shortfalls. A notable weakness of working from home is that the model does not suit everyone because of the variation in people’s needs, abilities, and preferences. Other disadvantages of working from smart working include disruption from the home environment, the likelihood of burnout, high costs for establishing home working stations, and the inability to maintain career development.
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