Somatic Symptom Disorders
Overview
Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is a type of mental disease defined by a preoccupation with physical symptoms, such as pain or exhaustion, which produces severe cognitive discomfort and functional difficulties (Bizzi et al., 2019).
Disorders
Among the conditions associated with SSD is Illness Anxiety Disorder, in which the individual is obsessed with having or acquiring an illness and is continuously concerned about their well-being. Conversion disorder, also known as functional neurological symptom disorder, is an illness in which a person’s cognition, feeling, or mobility are affected by abnormalities for which there is no physical reason (Edition, 2013). Finally, factitious disorder is an SSD condition in which people produce or fake physiological sickness when they are not ill or actively exacerbate a minor condition. The other specified somatic symptom and related disorders classification refer to instances in which manifestations eventuate for less than six months or may implicate a diagnosis called pseudocyesis, a misguided perception that a woman is pregnant.
Risk and Prognostic Factors of Conversion Disorder
Suffering from a neurological condition or impairment, such as seizures, headaches, or a mobility problem, and recent significant anxiety or physical and emotional trauma are possible causes of functional neurologic condition (Edition, 2013). In addition, other risk factors include having cognitive wellness problems, such as a panic disorder, dissociative illness, or particular personality disorders, relatedness to family members with a brain ailment or abnormalities (Edition, 2013). Moreover, experiencing a history of violent adolescent victimization or neglect are all risk factors.
The prognosis for conversion condition is generally terrible, but this is based on several variables. Good predictive characteristics include abrupt start, early identification, quick onset of illness, absence of concurrent cognitive disorders, particularly antisocial traits, recognizable stressors, and an enhanced patient-clinician connection (Edition, 2013). Clients with a significant range of physical indications of impaired physical performance before evaluation have a greater likelihood of experiencing a negative outcome.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders (Nds): Overview
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs) are mental diseases that affect cognitive abilities and synaptic plasticity, resulting in issues with relational, intellectual, and psychosocial outcomes.
Disorders
In accordance with the DSM-5, the categorization of NDs includes intellectual impairment characterized by poor overall cerebral performance to the degree that it hinders the person from acquiring the skills essential to execute age-appropriate responsibilities. Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is associated with social communication impairments and minimal, compulsive actions and pursuits. In addition, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is also associated with failure to sustain attention and psychomotor agitation. Lastly, communication disorder is a disability that inhibits a person’s capacity to receive, transmit, interpret, and grasp thoughts or spoken, nonverbal, and visual symbolic representations. Unspecified Neurodevelopmental Disorder (UND) is a DSM-5 classification given to persons who display signs of an ND but do not fulfill all medical definitions for any of the NDs. For example, a hypoactive amygdala can result in high-risk activity and socially unacceptable conduct.
Risk and Prognostic Factors of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
ASD affects people of many ethnicities and cultures, although the risk factors mentioned in this section increase an individual’s likelihood of acquiring the illness. Children with a family background of the disease are more susceptible to developing it. Even if the guardians of a kid do not have ASD, they may be carriers of autism-causing gene mutations that can be transmitted to the child. Environmental conditions typically include occurrences that transpire after a woman gives birth. For instance, Genovese and Butler (2020) demonstrated that certain anticonvulsants used during pregnancy might influence the acquisition of ASD in the offspring.
Autism is an illness that varies from child to child and whose outcome depends on the disease’s etiology and the inclusion of any other conditions in the affected child. While speech difficulties and other manifestations may diminish with age, fundamental issues such as peer interactions persist. Some persons with autism work in standard employment, while others are monitored by executives certified to interact with individuals with learning difficulties in specialized contexts (Genovese & Butler, 2020). Communication and social relationships are the most significant obstacles people confront from home to school to the workplace.
Personality Disorders: Overview
A personality disorder is a mental dysfunction characterized by stiff and maladaptive thought patterns, functioning, and behavior.
Disorders
Personality illnesses are organized into three categories based on shared attributes and manifestations. Cluster A personality conditions include delusional mental state, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder, marked by unusual, abnormal thoughts and actions (Hopwood, 2018). Histrionic personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, and borderline personality disorder are examples of Cluster B personality disorders typified by exaggerated, highly emotional, or unstable thoughts or conduct (Hopwood, 2018). Including obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, and dependent personality disorder are Cluster C personality conditions associated with apprehensive, frightening thoughts or behaviors.
Risk and Prognostic Factors of Schizoid Personality Disorder
Having a caregiver or other relative with schizoid personality condition, psychosis, or schizotypal personality disorder increases a person’s odds of experiencing schizoid personality disorder. Having emotionally unavailable, neglectful, and distant caretakers during infancy may also influence the development of the condition (Edition, 2013). These guardians may support a child’s perception that connections with others are unsatisfying. Since personality disorders are persistent and persistent, they are associated with a poor prognosis. Idealistically, the patient will consent to long-term treatment and interact adequately without extensive absences (Edition, 2013). Even so, it is unlikely that the sufferer will ever derive significant pleasure from social interaction.
References
Bizzi, F., Ensink, K., Borelli, J. L., Mora, S. C., & Cavanna, D. (2019). Attachment and reflective functioning in children with somatic symptom disorders and disruptive behavior disorders.European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28(5), 705-717. Web.
Edition, F. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association, 21(21), 591-643. Web.
Genovese, A., & Butler, M. G. (2020). Clinical assessment, genetics, and treatment approaches in autism spectrum disorder (ASD).International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(13), 4726. Web.
Hopwood, C. J. (2018). Interpersonal dynamics in personality and personality disorders.European Journal of Personality, 32(5), 499-524. Web.