Self-actualization is a term used to describe both the process and the goal of an individual, including or resulting in a complete realization of potential, abilities development, and consequent life appreciation. The theory of self-actualization was described by such well-known psychologists as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Their understanding of the concept is generally similar despite a few differences, although both theories are considered valid. These differences in signs of an individual’s self-actualization will be discussed based on the case of Peter.
Carl Rogers defines self-actualization as a lifelong process during which the person not only moves towards his ideal self but also determines what they want to be. During this process, the person tends to move away from what they are not, attempting to exist as no more or less than they can be (Rogers, 1977). As such, it can be considered that beginning to question one’s identity is a sign of being on the path to self-actualization. In the case study, Peter is dissatisfied with his realization of potential, forcing him to start processing what it means to be a man and a father, and what is success for him. Since he is unhappy with his current identity, he cannot be defined as a self-actualized individual. However, the questions of self arise in his mind, defining what he is, what he can be, and what he wants to be. According to Roger’s theory, such inquiry into his individuality is a sign of the process of one’s self-actualization.
Abraham Maslow developed a hierarchal diagram of the needs of every individual, placing self-actualization on the top. By that, he meant that not every person is capable of reaching the full realization of self. The other ways Maslow defined self-actualization include intrinsic development and growth orientation rather than deficiency focus (Maslow, 1962). He believed that the motivation to reach the person’s full potential comes from within and is not affected by the outside factors (Maslow, 1962). This is due to the fact that self-actualization is placed above self-esteem on the hierarchical chart of needs, meaning that an individual cannot begin realizing themselves as long as they are not confident enough.
In the case study, Peter only starts questioning his identity and occupation due to the outside factors, such as work-related dissatisfaction and inconveniences. He does not strive to be a better father and husband for his own desires. Additionally, he is highly concerned with his friends and the outside worlds’ perception of his success. Therefore, according to Maslow’s theory, Peter fails to fulfill the requirements for intrinsic and growth-orientation development. Due to this, he cannot be considered on his path to self-actualization since he still has not achieved a complete self-esteem level.
Rollo May was an existential psychologist who developed many theories on love, personality, anxiety, guilt, and freedom. One of the concepts described by May consists of several aspects of a person’s life, the lack of which leads to the feeling of alienation (May, 1961). Such elements include the natural environment, presence of healthy relationships, consciousness, and self-awareness (May, 1961). In the case study, Peter’s confusion about his personal meaning of being a man and father, as well as his employment situation, can be explained using May’s theory. It is known that Peter’s work consumes most of his time, leaving no opportunities for a family vacation. His life mainly consists of work and family-related affairs, not letting him enjoy the world around him; therefore, nature is not often present in his life. Additionally, he does not receive any compensation at work for his family time sacrifice; his work and effort are not acknowledged.
Peter’s life and work in a rural town are isolated from the outside world. The abundance and inconsistency of his work hours prevent him not only from going on vacation but also healthy communication with his wife and children. Peter is known to get called on work without notice. His work circumstances are described as annoying to his wife. Such obstacles can negatively impact one’s family relationship, resulting in arguments. Peter’s friends have also ridiculed Peter instead of showing support. All of this demonstrates a lack of healthy relationships in Peter’s life, facilitating his alienation.
Peter’s confusion about the meaning of success and his place in the world is directly related to his consciousness. His skills and knowledge are not used at work and are ignored by his employer, decreasing Peter’s self-worth and significance. As his potential as a worker is not recognized, and his attempt to be a good husband and father is ridiculed by his friends, his self-esteem and consciousness are harmed.
Peter’s life lacks a natural environment, healthy relationship, and consciousness. Therefore, he is not only alienated physically by residing in a rural area with no potential for realization but also mentally. He suffers from the inability to change his life in a way that would lead to success and acknowledgment yet draw him closer to his family. As such, due to his physical alienation, lack of healthy relationships, natural environment, and a method of self-realization, he is left confused about his identity and understanding of his role.
References
Maslow, A. H. (1962). Some basic propositions of a growth and self-actualization psychology. Perceiving, Behaving, Becoming: A New Focus for Education, 34-49.
May, R. E. (1961). Existential psychology.
Rogers, C. R. (1977). Carl Rogers on personal power. Delacorte.