The Global Positioning System Jamming and Spoofing Research Paper

Abstract

This background science review will mainly focus on GPS jamming and spoofing. Specifically, it will focus on the effect on the mariner and the instruments they use. An explanation of the global positioning system will be given to understand the ideas further. Other applications of GPS spoofing and jamming in industry and economics will also be elaborated. The weaknesses associated with this idea will be explained by examining some disadvantages. Banking operations have improved significantly due to the knowledge of device jamming and spoofing. These concepts have been utilized to monitor transactions and possible causes of errors. However, despite the many advantages of device jamming and scooping, the weaknesses have created opportunities for terrorists and criminals.

Most importantly, the military perspective of GPS jamming and spoofing will be discussed by looking at the various applications adopted in this industry. The primary purpose of this review is to understand the concept of GPS jamming and spoofing and how they occur. Recent research indicates that jamming attacks can be hazardous when combined with GPS signals. This occurs due to a release of a more complex jamming signal. Knowledge from existing resources and other research that has been done will be combined to form a basic understanding of the topic in discussion. This article critically provides an overview of jamming and its diverse applications. Other themes related to jamming are also discussed to provide a deeper understanding of the phenomena. The importance of utilizing modern technology has also been expounded by illustrating its advancement.

Introduction

The Global Positioning System (GPS) was first launched in the 1980s and is used to give time information and location on the earth’s surface. The United States was the first to establish this satellite with accurate timing and navigation. GPS use has expanded over the decades, leading to accuracy and reliability in all aspects of the economy. It has led to increased productivity in production sectors due to the synchronization of current technology.

GPS jamming occurs when a noise signal is transmitted across one or more existing GPS frequencies. When such a situation occurs, the GPS frequency fails to determine its position leading to difficulties connecting the geographical areas. Jamming can be used to disconnect navigation and position information. This may lead to unintentional and intentional disruption, which can go across borders and penetrate systems and walls. It can also be used for harassment or to disorientate navigation and positioning information.

Jamming is often indiscriminate and causes intentional and unintentional disruption that transcends borders and penetrates walls and systems. Additionally, the Global Positioning System is an essential utility in its application in the military and other commercial activities which apply this concept. Spoofing, on the other hand, refers to the situation where a program falsifies data and successfully identifies another to gain an illegitimate advantage.

Literature Review

The development of GPS networks has created many improvements in the current world. This is due to the diverse applications of this knowledge in diverse network fields. Shifting the lifestyle from the old means, which were slow, the people, through scientific invention, saw the need to improve existing means. Another critical concern regarding the jamming and spoofing ideas is the application of modern technology in the discipline. It is seen to be more accurate due to digital records, user-friendly and time-saving. According to Zenk, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a collective term for worldwide velocity, position, and time determination network. The GPS is included under GNSS since it is a small satellite connection with a similar function (Zenk et al.,2018). These concepts have a wide application in industry and economics in various ways. In the marine industry, GPS is one of the most commonly used technology in ship navigation for the graphical representation of charts used in numerical campuses.

Importance of Jamming

Westbrook, from his research, clearly indicates the application of GPS in marine navigation. His project examines the automated mutual assistance vessel rescue system using GNSS and GPS systems (Westbrook, 2019). All this gives a detailed evaluation of the mariners’ vessel in monitoring it and ensuring safety. Knowledge gained on the SAR communication and coordination network is identified and explored using the data analysis and discussion in the report. Specific frequencies are set and positioned to facilitate detection by the various satellites. Through this, the mariner can detect the position and avoid hitting obstacles in the water, such as stones.

A critical phenomenon to be understood here is the crucial skills mariners should possess before beginning their job. This information is essential in enabling them to become efficient workers. Some areas of concern include conducting navigation risks and planning and executing voyages. Since these concepts are not only crucial to the mariners, other parties are affected, including the shore personnel. They are also responsible for ensuring safety by monitoring sent signals. Relevant responses should be made in giving directions and commands.

Cases of emergencies can be responded to quickly by the rescue team. This is due to their ability to locate the target individuals and offer the necessary help. An application of signal coordination with marine devices is commonly utilized in such scenarios making the process easy and sufficient. Further, the mariners have been equipped with devices that detect the possibility of any dangerous attacks which might be organized by target groups. Earlier warning on changing situations gives them a chance to act immediately.

Critically, taking precautions is beneficial in all aspects of workplaces. This ranges from individual initiatives and measures taken to avoid common injuries resulting from the instruments used in the job (Singh et al., 2022). Any employee needs to be aware of standard first aid procedures applicable in emergencies like a fire, cuts, and burns from acids and other detergents. In addition to the emerging COVID-19 pandemic, precautions like wearing masks and regularly washing hands are recommended. Interaction with individuals from different environments can place one in a critical condition hence becoming vulnerable.

The occurrence of GPS jamming while the mariner is on board leads to some misinterpretation of signals due to the effects of spoofing. According to Awan and Al Ghamdi (2019), this may lead to marine accidents or direction change, which interferes with the normal movement of the device. Awan and Al Ghamdi further expounded an indication on the importance of GNSS technology which coordinates with the GPS to create global positions is beneficial. This research is efficient since it illustrates the critical aspects of jamming. Multi-receiver channels can be used to sense the environment for safety (Carotenuto & De Maio, 2021). Equipping mariners with such safety devices is crucial to ensure their lives are not endangered.

It is important to note that the limitations of the improved technologies should be made aware to the target groups. To their understanding, the technologies may be complex and difficult to adopt due to changing working expectations. For that reason, coaching and mentoring sessions must be given priority to ensure they are updated with the current trends. They should be aware of the different charts used for display and their analogue and digital interpretations.

In urban environments, pedestrians use specific route maps to access unknown places. In some cases, devices such as phones are used to locate route maps by utilizing the device location feature. GNSS-enabled devices provide alternative means supported with internal online databases and directions of use (Elghamrawy et al., 2022). The user is required to make navigation by first identifying their destinations and means to be used to get there. Audio or visual information will be displayed to give the required direction, and in case a wrong route is taken, the device can automatically make the user aware. In the communication industry, high demand for cellular applications has enabled them to develop stable GPS satellites to facilitate this process.

The application of current technology improvements enables human beings to respond to unplanned situations. For instance, when a person becomes ill at extraordinary hours at midnight, online communications to hospitals to facilitate services is easy. This is made possible through the emergency toll numbers given by healthcare facilities. Similarly, services like uber can be used to initiate treatment services. From this essential examination, there is a need to create digital literacy for the public such that many people be aware of such services. In some emergencies, a linear array device, as shown in the diagram below, can be used for signal identification for safety. This improved technology reduces marine accidents by signalling the individuals operating the equipment.

One of the most improved areas is ensuring technical interoperability where there is stable coordination of various satellites, which indicates position. It can be concluded that cases of incompatibility arising can cause more harm to the target users. This is because some gangs may set their geographical positions and influence people to follow them and end up being harmed. All these strategic improvements will aim at making the life of individuals easy and reliable. Current research indicates the application of jamming from the military perspective. Despite the invention of dangerous weapons used in wars, the jamming concept has made targeting enemies more difficult.

For instance, GPS jamming was used in Ukraine to curb the OSCE Special Monitoring Mission in 2018 (Choi, 2022). Through this, the intended mission did not happen since most communication networks between the participants were disrupted. Further, jamming ideas have been applied by countries such as China to prevent territorial disputes.

Similarly, the United States has adopted this concept and applied it to maintain peace with conflicting nations. The Syrian war also adopted this technology in doing surveillance on the gunships. The communication links and data systems synthesized spoofing technology to identify civilians aimed at causing destruction. The use of pocket-sized jamming devices has been a rising concern where their application has been widely used.

Drivers in the freight industry commonly prefer these instruments for privacy measures. Their main aim is to prevent managers from tracking their current location while on duty. They are challenging to detect in some situations, especially when a person moves greater distances. Their weaknesses are realized when organized terrorists and criminals get means of acquiring more powerful jamming devices which go beyond the ones used by privacy seekers.

Current phones use GPS concepts to facilitate communication between different parties. Networks can be located by the phone signal’s ability to detect existing waves, which, when combined, allows easy interactions. Additionally, device location is used to track lost phones by stimulating the search engine. This has improved the communication industry by doing away with the traditional means, which were slow and inefficient. Further, devices like television and radio networks apply this concept in transmitting waves while the news is aired. This has created solid social media communication networks where information can be easily shared at various geographical distances.

In the transport industry, transport signals are coordinated to ensure safe movements by preventing collisions. Trains moving in the same direction and time can be directed so that no collision incidents occur through an automatic clock system (Vines et al., 2022). They track the position each time, separating distance and expected speed. Failure to follow the set guidelines by the control team may lead to emerging accidents, which can cause mass destruction. In civil industry, the use of modernized devices like robots depends on this concept, according to Aghadadashfam (2020). Digital guidelines have been created where the instructions are sent in the form of signals. The strength and stability of the GPS coordinates determine the rate of work and efficiency. Additionally, due to the vast aspects of the civil application, the modernized GPS depends on controlling the new technologies used in the satellite receivers and extending the capabilities that benefit the civil community.

Undoubtedly, digital applications have reduced errors that occur due to human mistakes. The big challenge is the inability of the people to willingly adopt changes that emerge daily due to developments and the need to become more civilized. Damaging morale created towards the improved means is a barrier dragging the economic, social, and technological perspectives. Further, improvements create room for future research by identifying existing weaknesses in past reforms. It can be therefore concluded that device jamming and spoofing have more benefits when compared to disadvantages.

Jamming Weaknesses and Solutions

Comparisons from further research indicate weaknesses in GPS jamming and spoofing technologies. These weaknesses have led to increased worries in related industries which depend on these concepts to run their operations. Air travel has been affected due to unexpected jamming by low-power devices. For instance, during the Russian war on Ukraine, the jamming of satellite signals led to aviation difficulties affecting airline travel (Asia & Paliwal, 2021). In order to curb the effects of device jamming in the transport industry, pilots have been given special training to equip themselves with strategies for dealing with such emergencies. This is an effective strategy since the principal personnel involved in the situation can handle it immediately to reduce cases of accidents (Li et al., 2021). Failure to take these precautions leads to the setting of emergency response units which in some cases may delay causing immediate action, and this leads to more damage.

Financial transactions have also been interrupted due to the device jamming in the banks and trade platforms. The London Stock Exchange is an excellent example of an organization that was affected due to the above phenomena. This is because the business relies on specific timing for transactions, and due to GPS outages, huge losses have been indicated. To prevent this, a multifactor authentication technology has been adopted where a particular software is used to check the GPS stability before any money remit procedure. Further, manual monitoring has been suggested, where personnel must follow up the process with keen observations.

Banks need to develop self-defensive techniques, which can be used to ensure transactions made are secure. According to Dong et al. (2021. This reduces cases of reported fraud where criminals asses automated teller machines and use them to withdraw money from the clients’ accounts illegally. Scanning the face to verify people before any activities in the bank can be very effective (Mai et al., 2022). This results in safety, motivating investors’ morale in their saved finances. By coordinating all these strategies, the security levels will be updated to the most recent technologies. A digital record of deposits and limitations enables follow-up in cases of money loss. This will give individuals a view of how they made withdrawals for future reference.

Evil activities have increased in the community due to gangs’ use of jamming technology. Most of them can track the phones of individual targets and can cause planned murder cases. This impacts society in many dimensions, with increased reports of orphans in situations where parents are murdered. This can be solved by establishing stable systems that cannot be accessed easily by unauthorized individuals who invade other individuals’ privacy (Parham et al., 2020). Owners should also protect phones and avoid giving unknown strangers in public. This illegal access can allow them to get codes, which can be used to fake signals.

Most importantly, individuals are encouraged to make reports to the police and other security personnel in case of suspected fraud. Individuals who ask for personal information without giving a better reason and usage should be the first suspects. Lost phones should also be reported, and their details should be given so police can track them. Individual precaution measures must be taken to reduce cases of misconduct.

Directions for Future Research

The above research studies have indicated many fundamentals of the topic in discussion. GPS applications are deemed relevant in almost all the fields where human interactions occur. The research methodologies presented some gaps that, when dealt with, can lead to reliable research in the future. An emphasis on continuous training concerning the current trends was made to equip the target population with relevant knowledge and skills (Feliciano & Quick, 2022). Since the current world is evolving with new trends, citizens should be educated on adopting technology by demonstrating its importance. It can be seen that it forms the basis of life, and without it, life would be unbearable.

Conclusion

In summary, the concept of GPS jamming and spoofing and its impact on the mariner has been examined. In addition to other related areas, it was concluded that a mariner must be well-equipped with essential skills and knowledge to apply this technology. This will lead to reduced human errors and increased efficiency in the workplace. A positive attitude towards the adoption of technology was given priority. Any organization that uses these new trends is likely to realize increased productivity in service delivery.

The invention of signals was mainly aimed at enhancing effective communication across all platforms. GPS and GNSS introduction further stimulated jamming interventions and methods. Their diverse applications have been evidenced to enhance human safety. Target plans of destruction by gangs have been minimized by reducing communications between the target parties. Poor communication networks hinder such operations by creating confusion in instruction delivery. In the transport industry, this technology has eliminated associated barriers to achieving objectives.

Research Questions

1. How does knowledge concerning device jamming and spoofing help a mariner?
2. What are some of the applications of device jamming and spoofing in the economy?
3. Are there weaknesses associated with device jamming and spoofing?
4. How is the knowledge of jamming important, specifically from the military perspective?

Project Plan

Proposed Project Title: GPS Jamming and Spoofing and the Effect on the Mariner

Scope of Study

The main of the research study is to examine the concept of device jamming and spoofing. This will be fulfilled by the need to attain the goals and objectives of the study. Its applications in the diverse industry will also be examined. From the military perspective, the importance of this concept will be elaborated by giving detailed explanations of its application. Disadvantages associated with device jamming and spoofing will also examine, and different solutions will be suggested. The idea and definition of GPS and its relation to device jamming and scooping will also be elaborated. A suitable methodology will be selected to help in data collection and analysis. Suitable statistical tests will be performed to verify the existing knowledge and application.

Statement of the Initial Hypothesis

This research paper mainly aims to test the research hypotheses for information inquiry concerning device jamming and spoofing in the industry. The hypothesis will be accepted since it will verify existing knowledge concerning the research topic. The hypotheses are essential as they seek answers to the research questions and evaluate the main goals and objectives of the study. The desire and interest of the researcher led to the formulation of the hypothesis. The hypotheses are listed below:

• H0: Mariner’s knowledge concerning device jamming and spoofing is vital in navigation and landing
• H1: The mariner’s knowledge of device jamming and spoofing does not influence their navigation and landing
• H0: Device jamming and spoofing have many applications in the industry
• H1: Device jamming and spoofing are insignificant in the industry
• H0: There are many weaknesses associated with the application of device jamming and spoofing
• H1: There are no weaknesses associated with the application of device jamming and spoofing
• H0: Devise jamming is essential in a variety of ways, specifically from the military perspective
• H1: Device jamming has no particular application in the military

GPS Jamming and Spoofing Questionnaire

Thank you for taking the time to fill out this short questionnaire. This section comprises questions regarding the concept of device jamming and scooping. Please read the questions carefully and mark one option only. It would be best if you answered all questions and did not include your details for personal safety.

• From your basic knowledge, can you define the meaning of device jamming and spoofing?
  • Yes
  • No
• Have you ever experienced marine travel and navigation?
  • Yes
  • No
• Are you aware of any negative impacts of device jamming and spoofing?
  • Yes
  • No
• Can you explain some of the applications of device jamming in the marine working environment?
  • Yes
  • No
• In a society where technology has become part of daily life, do you see the need to implement modern technology in the marine industry?
  • Yes
  • No
• Do you see the need for continuous coaching and guidance of marine workers on the importance of developing a positive attitude towards new technological trends?
  • Yes
  • No
• Can the application of digital knowledge reduce human errors while in the working environment?
  • Yes
  • No
• Have you ever experienced any marine accidents while on duty?
  • Yes
  • No
• From your experience, do you see the need for marine companies to establish policies to help reduce the number of marine accidents?
  • Yes
  • No
• Do you see the need to train mariners on standard methodologies to apply in case of emergencies like system failure?
  • Yes
  • No
• How can you rank the safety measures of the general marine industry when compared to other industries?
  • Safe
  • Very safe
  • Unsafe
  • Fairly safe
• What do you think is the leading cause of marine accidents while on board?
  • Human error
  • Natural calamities
  • Company management
  • Equipment condition
• Can you differentiate digital and analogue charts and interpret their meanings while operating the marine equipment?
  • Yes
  • No
• Can monitoring the marine environment by management reduce marine accidents and emergencies?
  • Yes
  • No
• From your perspective, do you think working in a marine environment requires the implementation of logical reasoning and understanding?
  • Yes
  • No
• To be an efficient mariner, must one possess critical skills applied during navigation and landing?
  • Yes
  • No
• Are there limitations associated with the current technology trends to the mariner and the industry?
  • Yes
  • No
• In any work environment, teamwork is an essential aspect of achieving the organization’s goals and objectives. Do you agree with this statement?
  • Yes
  • No
• Is there a need for the marine organization to set up rescue teams for the benefit of the employees?
  • Yes
  • No
• Can you relate the GPS concept to marine navigation, timing, and landing?
  • Yes
  • No
• Creativity is an essential aspect of the development of any industry. Do you see the need for the marine industry to adopt creative concepts from employees which can be used for future advancements?
  • Yes
  • No

Research Aims and Objectives

This study’s main aim is to examine the concepts of device jamming and spoofing in the industry and economy. Further, their applications to the mariner in navigation and landing will also be examined. The need to adopt current technology in the marine industry will also be examined by discussing the advantages and disadvantages. Specifically, the study’s objectives are listed as follows:

1. To identify the roles of jamming and spoofing in the industry.
2. To examine adverse effects and solutions of jamming and spoofing.
3. To identify current trends in jamming.
4. To examine specific applications of jamming from the military perspective

Proposed Methodology

In research, two types of methodologies can be applied in the process of data collection: quantitative and qualitative techniques. In quantitative experimental research, the main aim is to get generalized knowledge concerning a particular phenomenon. A carefully designed study is therefore adopted under controlled conditions by the researchers. It involves collecting and analyzing numerical data, which is further analyzed and conclusions made. On the contrary, the qualitative methodology involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data. In this study, a quantitative approach will be utilized. The use of questionaries will help in obtaining information related to the hypothesis. Further, experiments will be conducted in a controlled environment where the independent variables of the research will be measured.

Definition of What Will be Observed/ Measured

Three critical variables that will be measured during this study will be: will be measured in this study: mariner’s knowledge, Application of GPS, and impacts of GPS jamming and spoofing. Current technological developments require unique knowledge to apply concepts of jamming and spoofing in the industry. This study will examine the extent to which a mariner’s knowledge determines how they adopt the technologies.

Statistical Tests

Both parametric and non-parametric statistical tests will be utilized in data analysis. During the testing process, the software systems SPPS statistics will be utilized. A paired T-test will analyze data obtained from the experiment. A value of 0.06 will be set, and it will be constant in all the variables. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is a counterpart of the paired T-test, where a comparison of two dependent variables will be used. It will involve the computation of the median of data sets obtained and comparing them. Further, the Kruskal-Wallis Test will be adopted since it compares more than two independent groups with ordinal data. Additionally, questionaries will be filled, and the data obtained will be sampled. A mean formula will be applied to get the computations later analyzed.

Resources Required

• Means of administering questionnaires
• Sufficient time
• SPSS statistics
• Participants of experiments
• Online literature resources

Project Timescale

A basic structure of a standard report will be followed in the process of establishing the dissertation. It will be organized following in Table 1:

1. The abstract review will include an examination of background knowledge concerning the research topic,
2. an introduction which will give an explanation of the central concept in research by reviewing the keywords,
3. Setting the goals of the study which will give direction to avoid irrelevancy,
4. Formulation of hypothesis basing on the research questions,
5. Conduct of experiments to collect data to be used in synthesis,
6. Data analysis and discussions will in cooperate formulas to compute data and discussion to make comparisons,
7. Proofreading and making a final copy of the research ready for submission.

Final data analysis will determine the ability to reject or accept the hypotheses set and further conclusions and recommendations from the literature review and other theoretical research.

Reference List

Aghadadashfam, M., Mosavi, M.R. and Rezaei, M.J. (2020) “A new post-correlation anti-jamming technique for GPS receivers,” GPS Solutions, 24(4). Web.

Awan and Al Ghamdi (2019) “Understanding the vulnerabilities in digital components of an integrated bridge system (IBS),” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 7(10), p. 350. Web.

Asia, N. and Paliwal, P. (2021) “Service quality in Natural Gas Distribution: A study,” NMIMS Management Review, 29(04), pp. 56–75. Web.

Carlos, N. (2021) “Android–based UML-centric design approach to campus-drive bus locator system” (2021) Journal of Mathematical and Computational Science. Web.

Carotenuto, V. and De Maio, A. (2021) “A clustering approach for jamming environment classification,” IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 57(3), pp. 1903–1918. Web.

Dong, P., Cheng, J. and Liu, L. (2021) “A novel anti-jamming technique for INS/GNSS integration based on black box variational inference,” Applied Sciences, 11(8), p. 3664. Web.

Choi, S. (2022) “Analysis and aspects of space warfare in the Russia-ukraine war (Russian invasion of Ukraine) and considerations for Space Technology Development,” Journal of Space Technology and Applications, 2(2), pp. 169–186. Web.

Elghamrawy, H. et al. (2022) “High-resolution spectral estimation for continuous wave jamming mitigation of GNSS signals in Autonomous Vehicles,” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 23(7), pp. 7881–7895. Web.

Feliciano, C. and Quick, R. (2022) “Innovative Information Technology in auditing: Auditors’ perceptions of future importance and current Auditor expertise,” Accounting in Europe, 19(2), pp. 311–331. Web.

Li, Y. and Liu, Q. (2021) “A comprehensive review study of cyber-attacks and cyber security; emerging trends and recent developments,” Energy Reports, 7, pp. 8176–8186. Web.

Mai, H.-N. et al. (2020) “Accuracy of portable face-scanning devices for obtaining three-dimensional face models: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(1), p. 94. Web.

Parhan, M., Jenuri, J. and Islamy, M.R. (2021) “Media sosial dan fenomena hoax: Tinjauan Islam dalam Etika Bekomunikas,” Communicatus: Jurnal Ilmu komunikasi, 5(1), pp. 59–80. Web.

Singh, R.B. et al. (2022) “Early versus late tracheostomy in patients with acute brain injury: Importance of set score,” Anesthesia: Essays and Researches, 16(1), p. 7. Web.

Vines, P. et al. (2022) “Predicting bearing fault in the drone freight industry: Legal liability in Australia,” Journal of Air Law and Commerce, 87(2), p. 299. Web.

Westbrook, T. (2019) “The global positioning system and military jamming: The geographies of electronic warfare,” Journal of Strategic Security, 12(2), pp. 1–16. Web.

Zenk, S.N. et al. (2018) “How many days of global positioning system (GPS) monitoring do you need to measure activity space environments in health research?,” Health & Place, 51, pp. 52–60. Web.