The Impact of the Inquisition on the Protestant Reformation Essay

Introduction

Diverse religious practices prominently influence the reformation among individuals from different societies. According to research, the incorporation of the Inquisition significantly contributed to the enforcement of orderliness within the Catholic religious community¹. During the Reformation, the Roman Catholic incorporated the organization engaging the different European societies, such as the Spanish, through intensive persuasion². Despite the institution being a persuasion instrument, it intensified oppression among the non-believers. On the one hand, the entity fostered the spread of Catholicism. On the other hand, the institution prominently affected scholarship. An excellent example is the incarceration of Fray Luis de Leon for five years leading to the hindrance of the progressive boost in scholarly works by the author³. Fray Luis de Leon was a poet whose passion involved educating students concerning literature and liberal thinking, a perspective contradicting the Inquisition’s goal. The establishment of the Inquisition fostered the advocacy for Roman Catholicism as a dominant religion over other cultural practices and contrary to the reformation by Protestants.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study involves an in-depth evaluation of the dynamic effects caused by Inquisition during the reformation process across the European countries and American states. Roman Catholicism integrated cultural practices and Biblical doctrines to promote the widespread of Christianity. However, Protestants contested Roman Catholicism arguing that Christianity involves upholding the Biblical doctrines without an intersection of cultural practices. In this case, the research assesses the distinctive influence of the institution’s roles in the reformation process in religious organizations.

Significance of the Study

The study significantly contributes to the evaluation of the influence of the Inquisition on Reformation across different nations. Despite the evolutionary gradient in religiosity, different leaders within the groups utilized distinctive measures concerning the prompted changes. Focusing on the influential value of the Inquisition renders an understanding regarding the interdependence between religious beliefs and cultural domains⁴. One of the main reasons for the reformation encompassed steering the distinction between cultural practices and the Biblical stipulations on the belief and salvation indicator. The research offers a pool of insights regarding the interdependence between the Inquisition and effective reformation within the Catholic religious community.

Research Questions

• What was the role of the inquisition group in religious practices?
• What is the significance of reformation to religious practices, social growth and development?
• What is the interdependent relationship between inquisition influence and reformation process?

Research Objectives

• To assess the roles of the inquisition group in religious practices.
• To evaluate the significance of reformation in religious practices and social growth and development.
• To determine the interdependent relationship between Inquisition’s influence and the reformation process.

Thesis Statement

Church reformation is an event that involves an attempt to alter the practices and the system to accommodate the interests of other entities. In 1517, the protestants contributed to the emergence of the reformation encompassing a campaign to change some Catholic religious practices. The initiative violated Catholic aesthetic values on worship and praise and the organizational protocol. Therefore, the senior members developed the Inquisition, whose mandate encompassed persuading individuals to uphold Catholicism and defend the religious practice against protestant⁵. The Inquisition’s practice to enhance Catholicism countered Protestant’s domains across different European countries resulting in oppression among the non-believers. Understanding the influence of the Inquisition on reformation renders an insight concerning the domino effect and the accrued value across the sociological domain.

Literature Review

This study was conducted in the form of a narrative literature review that focused on describing and evidencing the Inquisition’s influence on the reformation process from the perspectives of both Catholicism and Protestantism. Moreover, the topic of differences between the two doctrines in relation to reformation was approached in the study as well. Multiple sources were used to answer the research questions and support thesis statement with factual and historical evidence.

Role of the Inquisition in the Reformation Process

Numerous studies support the claim that the emergence of the Inquisition fostered profound controversies concerning the social justice system. Research indicates the key purpose for the formation of the Inquisition involved consolidating the core differences between Catholicism and other religious groups⁶. One of the major roles of the institution encompassed evaluating the uniformity and difference among Judaism, Jewish, and Roman Catholicism religious practices. Another entity’s mandate enshrined enhancing the censorship of the Hebrew literature while inhibiting the widespread reformation influence. Different religious groups utilize dynamic doctrines and practices based on Biblical statements, hence the emergence of the reformation to render inclusivity of protestants’ interests in Roman Catholicism.

Protestants initiated the reformation process of the catholic society due to the difference between certain practices and the belief system. According to research, the Roman Catholic integrated cultural practices with the Biblical beliefs and practices hence fostering acculturation of other cultural practices under the religious domain⁷. Therefore, the protestants’ involvement in the reformation encapsulated promoting the alteration of the religious practices to the representation and reflection of the Biblical values. However, the Roman Catholics, through the Inquisition, incorporated intensive punishment aspects influencing the essence of reformation. Apart from the Spanish, the Italian non-believers encountered proficient persecution based on the implemented rituals of prosecution⁸. The enactment of the various practices by the Inquisition attributed to the conditional spectrum of persuasive measures using persecution approaches.

Doctrinal Differences between Roman Catholics and Protestants

Over the decades, different religious confrontations fostered the nominal interpretation of vital doctrines. One of the suggestions of the confrontations involved the Catholics and Protestants from the West, while a different contrast emanated from the East Orthodox and the ideological Western Catholicism. Both religious institutions portray a distinction between nature and grace. The dynamic religions argue about the nature of the relationship between God and man, creation doctrine, and the resultant concept of God’s grace and supernatural essence⁹. On the one hand, the Catholic theological construct view nature as a damaged element with minimal corrupt dimensions hence the deprivation. On the other hand, Protestant theology establishes nature as the significantly corrupt and depraved concept that justifies alienation from grace. Therefore, Catholics view nature and grace as interdependent quotients that complement each other in promoting Christianity¹⁰. Protestants portray grace as the superior and prioritized element mainly because of its ability to shatter the corrupted nature from its existence or remodel it afresh.

Different philosophers focus on distinctive marginal dimensions of Catholic and Protestant theologies: St. Paul, Martin Luther, Marcel Mauss, and Auguste Comte. According to St. Paul, a Christian is a human being with imperfections. Therefore, in St. Paul’s opinion, there is a distinction between grace and nature-based comparing God’s love towards the believers¹¹. Martin Luther adopts the Protestant aspect on grace as the superior variable to nature that is optimally corrupt hence indicating God’s grace is an excellent demonstration of the moral and ethical obligation among people¹². Fundamentally, Martin Luther and Paul agree that God’s goodness implies the necessity of humanity across the human populace. It is easier for an individual living under the law to get condemnation than for a man living by God’s grace. In this case, a Christian can sin and seek forgiveness without getting condemned mainly because God’s grace is earned through the acceptance that He exists and He is almighty. The vital factor in the comparison between God’s grace and law lies in the ability to confess God as the Almighty over all other powers.

The definition of the nature concept offers an in-depth insight while posing the distinction between Catholics and Protestants. Aquinas attempts to distinguish nature and grace by exploiting Augustine’s concept. According to Aquinas, an individual with the abstract human knowledge lacks the capacity to understand the will of God¹³. Aquinas further intersects Augustine’s concept with Catholicism to identify the two types of human nature. Abstract human nature focuses on knowledge regarding behavior without comprehending God’s grace and faith. However, there is human knowledge enlightened through faith that renders optimal growth and development among persons¹⁴. Therefore, an individual with faith significantly engages in religious practices and prioritizes God’s power and grace. Notably, Aquinas indicates that it is in the nature of man to commit sin, but faith forms the bridge to enhance the relationship between man and God.

Apart from exploring the commitment demanded from man to establish his relationship with God, Aquinas further establishes that God shows His commitment through grace. In a philosophical articulation, Martin Luther indicates that there is no good without grace¹⁵. The notion by Martin Luther affirms Aquinas’ regard for God’s grace and human nature. According to Aquinas, it is the human nature to commit sin based on the instincts and stipulations from the moral and ethical codes¹⁶. As a result, Paul intensifies the interdependent relationship with the core outcome of salvation¹⁷. In this case, Aquinas, Augustine, and Paul agree that the fundamental role of man’s nature enshrines justifying God’s commitment to protecting people through grace as a gift.

It is important to assess the functional baseline between grace, faith, and nature to enhance the relevance of salvation among Christians despite the diversity of the religious groups. Marcel Mauss’ perception of grace is a gift to human nature as a revealing insight into the coexistence of man and God. A Christian understands the relationship with God through grace¹⁸. The definition of man’s nature by Aquinas asserts that sin is not bad if the believers have God’s grace mainly because it is in nature to establish core reasons to adhere to His commandments. In the New Testament, Paul articulates that God’s given gift, that is, grace, attributes the redefinition of man’s ability to sin and seek forgiveness from God due to the gift of graceⁱ. Martin Luther further uses the initiative to establish that redefining man’s nature means embracing the culture of giving grace as a gift. This means aligning actions and thoughts to portray the goodness than the bad intentions.

Grace is a gift to human nature, and the main reason involves enhancing the relationship between man and God. Auguste Comte establishes that based on the altruism theory, it is important to give gifts to others than show concern for receiving one in return¹⁹. Auguste’s concept adheres to Aquinas, Mauss, and Luther’s aspects and attitudes towards gifts. Aquinas establishes that man’s nature is to commit sin and intensifies the relationship with God by receiving the gift of grace²⁰. Therefore, the Christian commits sin but, through grace, seeks forgiveness, and God extends their relationship. The notion, however, faces controversy from Catholics and Protestants²¹. Catholics appreciate the coexistence of human nature and grace, contrary to protestants, whose belief lies in righteousness after receiving grace as a gift. Although the disparity in the role of grace in the relationship between God and man, Luther, Mauss, protestants, Catholics, Aquinas, and Auguste agree that giving, receiving, and returning gifts improves the relationship between the parties.

The critical obligation to receive, give, and return lies in building a relationship. According to Paul, God focused on intensifying the relationship with Christians through His son, Jesus Christ, who was crucified and died for our sin. Research further indicates the relationship is strengthened based on the essence of reciprocity²². In this case, it is the responsibility of the receiving party to offer a gift back to establish the commitment to elevating the relationship. The notion of reciprocity renders the narrative an apt initiative to boost the quotient in Western culture²³. Although modern society disregards gifts, the concept evolved in the practice of exchanging benefits and favors.

It is an individual’s responsibility to decipher a gift’s essential meaning mainly because of the distinctive consequences. According to research, a gift poses different impositions, such as constrained against generosity, interested against disinterested, and obliged against voluntary²⁴. Although gifts intensify the relationship among the parties involved, it is vital to focus on the core ideological factor concerning the attained value and ethical baseline of the expectations than the spirit of nationalism and ethnocentrism as depicted by James Dunn and N.T. Wright²⁵. Catholics face a profound challenge preaching God’s word to people mainly because of the focus on fictional constructs of the spiritual world²⁶. Individuals seek abstract evidence indicating the presence of God and His capabilities hence the resolution among the Christians to adopt the scientific and religious aspects in the justification of the concept, while others abandoned evangelism. Martin Luther focuses on God’s grace as a relation than a substance; hence the articulation based on moral justice²⁷. There is a distinct comparative essence between God’s grace as a gift and the consideration of abstract evidence among Christians.

The various scholars and philosophers relate to God’s grace across different mainframes. One of the notions that affirm a correlation between nature and grace is the consideration of grace as an outcome of faith and trust²⁸. Luther establishes that God’s grace is a relation to the necessary love among people²⁹. In the altruism theory, it is the mandate of the Christians to utilize the gift of understanding God’s love while adhering to the core obligation to promote ethical compliance³⁰. Catholicism, however, offers a dynamic overview based on the religious practice and the disregard for free gifts³¹. In this case, one of the vital quotients in determining the underlying issue entails the integration of faith and reason to enhance the truth³². Paul indicates that the truth about God engulfs His offering of the Son, Jesus Christ, as a gift of grace, while Christians become obligated to profess that He is Almighty³³. The approach aptly influences the ideological essence of the interpretation of the scripture and the determination of sin and Christianity.

Grace is a gift from God that was presented through the sacrifice of Jesus Christ to die for man’s sin. Paul affirms Augustine’s concept regarding the value of a gift under the dimensional approaches³⁴. The overview by Luther indicates that faith is formed by love and the relationship improves trust in God. According to Paul’s culture, the gift concept existed under a dynamic spectral overview³⁵. In Greek social life, the gift concept optimally steered relationship building among the dynamic parties³⁶. There was a proficient exchange of entities and elements to boost the interdependence and correlation based on distinctive approaches. Examples of the exchanges encapsulated political favors, extravagant hospitality, sharing, and beneath-the-radar swapping that aptly impacted the quality of the relationship.

The literal context that advocates for equality include the necessity of adjusting the core values of religious practices. Research depicts that Paul’s teachings about grace offered enlightenment and a controversial aspect of the relationship between God and His Christians³⁷. The researcher indicates that the core aspect of interdependence enshrines the vital element in advocating for the ideological newness in life. Although different religious leaders interpreted the concepts dynamically, the main factor of the grace involved spiritual rebirth into a better and righteous person with a proficient and functional relationship with God³⁸. Despite the practice by Greco-Romans of the structural gift concept, Paul condemns the practice mainly through the aspects of ethnicity, age, gender, and social status³⁹. Paul argues that God’s grace is not reciprocal hence the importance of focusing on the praise and worship of the Almighty.

The Inquisition put special emphasis on the necessity of exterminating sin and heresy from every aspect of the Christian community and its environment. As a human being, a Christian encounters different approaches that intensify the rate of sin and tendencies⁴⁰. Research indicates that the critical mandate to establishing dynamic values is incorporating strategies that render the understanding of God’s grace⁴¹. Paul plays a significant role in comprehending “grace” within the religious spectrum mainly because of his linkage between grace, Jesus Christ, and God⁴². Paul articulates that the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, the son of God, earned human beings the grace from God, an essential shield against immoral behavior and approaches among people.

Ideally, Paul demonstrates the interdependent relationship founded on an unworthy quotient to elevate the interplay among the components. It is the responsibility of religious leaders to coordinate the establishment of initiatives that enhance the gift system while appreciating God’s grace through repentance and forgiveness without expecting a return⁴³. The crucial aspect of promoting proficiency in the interdependent relationship is the determination to be faithful and committed to the worship of God⁴⁴. The inquisition, however, focused on intensive persuasive mechanisms to the protestants, such as the utilization of incarcerations that trickled-down to economic growth and development slowdown⁴⁵. Different research further indicates the influence varied based on the coherence to the followership of the scriptural stipulations⁴⁶. Paul establishes that the lack of worthiness and the working faith foster the apt significance of building trust between Christians and God.

Conclusion

Consequently, the Inquisition significantly influenced the reformation aspect of religious practices. Since the institution’s development, the Inquisition fostered a significant percentage of persecution among the non-believers. On the one hand, the Inquisition focused on persuading the protestants concerning the prominence of Catholicism. On the other hand, the Inquisition contributed to the persecution based on subjective overview of religiosity. The prioritization of Roman Catholicism profoundly affected the interactive quotient of cultural exchange among persons from different communities.

Bibliography

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Ayzenberg, Shimshon. 2014. “Antokolskii’s Inquisition.” Images 8 (1): 93–104.

Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.

Barnett, Eleanor. 2021. “Food and Religious Identities in the Venetian Inquisition, Ca. 1560–Ca. 1640.” Renaissance Quarterly 74 (1): 181–214.

Becker, Sascha O., Francisco J. Pino, and Jordi Vidal-Robert. 2021. “Freedom of the Press? Catholic Censorship During the Counter-Reformation.” CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP16092.

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Bethencourt, Francisco. 2022. “The Inquisition in the Early Modern World: Thirty Years of Exchange.” Ler História, no. 80.

Bodian, M. 2002. “In the Cross-Currents of the Reformation: Crypto-Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition 1570-1670.” Past & Present 176 (1): 66–104.

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Dias Pacheco, Milton Pedro. 2017. “The Counter-Reformation, Diplomacy, and Art Patronage in Portugal under Cardinal-Infant D. Henrique of Portugal: A Legacy to Serve Church and Kingdom.” Royal Studies Journal 4 (2): 196.

Falcon, Leonardo. 2019. “Manufacturing Sin on the Frontier of Heresy. Bishops, Franciscans and the Inquisition in Cuba during the Long Sixteenth Century, 1511 – 1611.” Dissertation, FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Florida International University.

Fulton, Joseph Michael. 1999. “Counter-Reformation Politics and the Inquisition in the Works of Fray Luis De Leon.” Dissertation, University of Arizona.

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Footnotes

• 1 Grendler, Paul F. 2019. “The Roman Inquisition: Centre versus Peripheries, Edited by Katherine Aron-Beller and Christopher Black.” Journal of Jesuit Studies 6 (3): 530.
• 2 Ayzenberg, Shimshon. 2014. “Antokolskii’s Inquisition.” Images 8 (1): 93–104.
• 3 Fulton, Joseph Michael. 1999. “Counter-Reformation Politics and the Inquisition in the Works of Fray Luis De Leon.” Dissertation, University of Arizona.
• 4 MacCulloch, Diarmaid. 2011. Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. New York, US: Penguin Books.
• 5 MacCulloch, Diarmaid. 2011. Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years. New York, US: Penguin Books.
• 6 MacCulloch, Diarmaid. 2005. The Reformation. London, UK: Penguin Books.
• 7 Wendehorst, Stephan. 2004. The Roman Inquisition, the Index and the Jews: Contexts, Sources and Perspectives. Leiden: Brill.
• 8 Wickersham, Jane K. 2012. “Rituals of Prosecution: The Roman Inquisition and the Prosecution of Philo-Protestants in Sixteenth-Century Italy.”
• 9 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 10 Ambrosi, Fabiana. 2019. “Giovan Battista Codronchi’s De Morbis Veneficis AC Veneficiis (1595). Medicine, Exorcism and Inquisition in Counter-Reformation Italy.” Religions 10 (11): 612.
• 11 Cammarata, Joan F. 2020. “The Devotional Space of Performance in Counter-Reformation Spain.” Hispanic Issues On Line 25: 20.
• 12 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 13 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 14 Rhodes, Elizabeth. 2020. “Indecent Theology: Sex and Female Heresy in Counter-Reformation Spain.” Renaissance Quarterly 73 (3): 867.
• 15 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 16 Hawicks, Heike. 2021. “Heidelberg and Hussitism. Professors as Envoys, Experts and Inquisitors.” AUC Historia Universitatis Carolinae Pragensis 60 (1): 248.
• 17 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 18 Becker, Sascha O., Francisco J. Pino, and Jordi Vidal-Robert. 2021. “Freedom of the Press? Catholic Censorship During the Counter-Reformation.” CEPR Discussion Paper No. DP16092.
• 19 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 20 Mccool, Jeremy. 2021. “Peter Waldo and the First Reformation: The Waldensian Influence on the Protestant Reformation.”
• 21 Voltmer, Rita. 2019. “Debating the Devil’s Clergy. Demonology and the Media in Dialogue with Trials (14th to 17th Century).” Religions 10 (12): 648.
• 22 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 23 Falcon, Leonardo. 2019. “Manufacturing Sin on the Frontier of Heresy. Bishops, Franciscans and the Inquisition in Cuba during the Long Sixteenth Century, 1511 – 1611.” Dissertation, FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Florida International University.
• 24 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 25 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 26 Tarantino, Giovanni. 2019. “‘I Am Contented to Die’ The Letters from Prison of the Waldensian Sebastian Bazan (d. 1623) and the Anti-Jacobite Narratives of the Reformed Martyrs of Piedmont.” Essay. In Feeling Exclusion: Religious Conflict, Exile, and Emotions in Early Modern Europe, edited by Giovanni Tarantino and Charles Zika, 155. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group.
• 27 Prudlo, Donald S. 2019. A Companion to Heresy Inquisitions. Leiden: Brill.
• 28 Dias Pacheco, Milton Pedro. 2017. “The Counter-Reformation, Diplomacy, and Art Patronage in Portugal under Cardinal-Infant D. Henrique of Portugal: A Legacy to Serve Church and Kingdom.” Royal Studies Journal 4 (2): 196.
• 29 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 30 Johnson, Joshua Andrew. 2019. “When Brethren Walk Together :: Immanuel Tremellius (c. 1510-1580), Jewish-Christian Conversion, Christian Hebraism, and Reformed Christianity.” Dissertation. Washington State University.
• 31 Lamping, Evan W. 2020. “The Galileo Affair In Context: An Investigation of Influences on The Church During Galileo’s 1633 Trial.” Thesis. Xavier University.
• 32 Krijger, Tom-Eric. 2021. “Extraterritorial Privacy Zone? Dutch Protestants and Their Embassy Chapel in Early Modern Portugal.” TSEG – The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 18 (3): 41.
• 33 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 34 Lloyd, Kiegan, and Yvonne Petry. 2018. “The Plight of the Woman Witch: Examining the Witch Hunts in the Reformation Period.”
• 35 Thomas, Werner. 2019. “Judging Faith, Punishing Sin: Inquisitions and Consistories in the Early Modern World.” The Journal of Modern History 91 (2): 419.
• 36 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 37 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 38 Barnett, Eleanor. 2021. “Food and Religious Identities in the Venetian Inquisition, Ca. 1560–Ca. 1640.” Renaissance Quarterly 74 (1): 188.
• 39 Kalak, Al Matteo. 2022. The Heresy of the Brothers, a Heterodox Community in Sixteenth-Century Italy. Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols.
• 40 Kooi, Christine. 2022. Reformation in the Low Countries, 1500-1620. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
• 41 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 42 Peeters Thérèse. 2022. Trust in the Catholic Reformation: Genoa 1594-1664. Leiden: Brill.
• 43 Barclay, John M.G. 2020. Paul and the Power of Grace. Grand Rapids, US: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
• 44 Bethencourt, Francisco. 2022. “The Inquisition in the Early Modern World: Thirty Years of Exchange.” Ler História, no. 80.
• 45 Berner, Virginia Gutiérrez. 2010. “Mysticism and the Inquisition in Sixteenth-Century Spain.” Dissertation, Ann Arbor: Pro Quest UMI Dissertation Publishing.
• 46 Bodian, M. 2002. “In the Cross-Currents of the Reformation: Crypto-Jewish Martyrs of the Inquisition 1570-1670.” Past & Present 176 (1): 75.