Introduction
A policy generally refers to a standard or tenet to direct resolutions and attains rational result(s). The reference is in general not used to refer to whatever is essentially carried out; this is usually denoted as either process or modus operandi. While a policy will include the what and the why, processes or practices entail the what, the how, the where, and the when (Radin, 2000, p. 13).
Policies are by and large taken on by the Board of or higher-ranking administration body within an entity where as processes or practices would be built up and taken on by higher-ranking administrative officials.
This expression may be appropriate to government, non-governmental organizations, and individuals. Presidential decrees, commercial privacy principles, and legislative regulations of order are all illustrations of policy.
Policy is different from regulations or tenets. Whereas regulation can coerce or make illegal behaviors, policy only directs actions in the direction of attaining a much wanted result. Professionals who specialize in civic policy have made out for major phases in the civic policy practice.
These phases take account of the classifying of a difficulty, the devising of a policy alteration to get to the bottom of the predicament, the execution of that policy change, and the assessment of whether the resolution is running as preferred. In this form, civic policy procedure can be looked at as the paces an administration takes to deal with a civic predicament.
The initial phase in the civic policy procedure is the making out of a predicament. This phase has to entail not just the making out of the being there of an issue, it as well has to involve a thorough scrutiny of the difficulty and its commencement (Stone, 2008, p. 7).
This phase of the procedure at in most times entails finding out whom or what is impinged on, the extent to which the public is cognizant of the matter and if it is a short or long-standing distress.
One more fundamental issue focuses on whether shifting civic policy can bring about transformation. Responses to such inquiries may offer policy crafters a measure for which policy alterations, if any, are required to take in hand the made out predicament.
Policy formulation
Following the making out of a predicament and its scrutiny, a civic policy way out is normally created and taken on. This phase in the civic policy procedure is normally manifest by dialogue and deliberations involving government representatives, interest organizations, and individual civilians on the most excellent way to take in hand the matter.
The broad-spectrum aim of this phase is to lay down patent aspirations and catalog the paces to attain them (Rodney, 2009, p. 74). The formulation phase in most times as well entails a deliberation of other ways out, would-be impediments, and the way in which to quantify the consequences of the policy alteration.
In the United States of America, policy creation and take on is normally directed by the Legislative Branch of the administration in office.
Legislative stage
In this phase of the policy process cycle, opinionated players at times use their posts of authority to coerce action or transformation. This can be in the sort of an open proclamation or a correspondence from an opinionated leader pushing for someone to do or avoid doing something. It could also entail the assurance of an inquiry, at times achieved by way of unofficial conventions, working parties or other investigative undertakings.
Or it could end up in the commencement of an official inquiry, carried out either by a law implementation body if unlawful conduct is supposed or by way of a civic inquiry. As may be expected, a number of the issues turn out to be part of a political contender’s operation stage, which can be utilized to attract more public concentration to the matter or to acquire votes.
Higher learning ambassadors have an obligation to be more on the go at this phase so as to win over policy crafters to act, or not to act, depending on the case at hand. All this should be geared toward the most excellent interests of the scholastic society (Althaus, Bridgman & Davis, 2007, p. 21).
Higher learning organizations working with campus central associations’ ambassadors and campus leaders can be particularly significant at the opinionated action phase.
Legislative proposal also falls at this stage and a stalemate at the political action phase may compel Congress to come up with a governmental reaction. Congressional feat can vary from bills to rejoinders to calls for researches carried out by the Congressional Research Service.
Matters as well get referred to a congressional working group framework that is to a great deal regulate by politics, supremacy, and the lawmaking main concerns of the majority party. A number of issues can get entangled in the course of lawmaking whip and never go outside this phase (Dunn, 2003, p. 23).
A bill turns out to be a law following its endorsement by both entities of Congress and assented by the president. The effectual date by and large directs how swift establishments must act to enact the law. In a number of instances, the law requires a particular government body to work out ways on how the law will be enacted.
Implementation stage
This is the next phase in the civic policy process and involves execution of policy shifts. This phase normally entails classifying the institutes and entities drawn in and doling out duties to each.
In order to be triumphant, this phase normally calls for institute communication and collaboration, adequate financing and personnel, and on the whole falling in line to the new approach (Howard, 2005). The branches and divisions in the Executive Branch are normally accountable for enacting civic policy changes in the United States.
Conclusion
The policy process cycle does not come to an end at the implementation stage. It proceeds to another stage referred to as the evaluation and maintenance phase. This phase is characteristically an unending phase if good results are to be attained and upheld, or even improved further.
Whereas the significance of this phase has not at all times been called attention to, contemporary policy crafters in most instances have as a feature tools for assessment into the formulation phase (Dye, 2007, p. 8).
This closing phase normally entails scrutiny of the way in which the policy shift is effectual in taking in hand the initial difficulty, and in most instances leads to additional civic policy exploitation. This phase of the process is by and large enacted by way of a joint effort involving policy administrators and autonomous assessors.
Reference List
Althaus, C; Bridgman, P & Davis, G. (2007). The Australian Policy Handbook (4th ed.). Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
Dunn, William (2003). Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Prentice Hall.
Dye, T. (2007). Understanding Public Policy (12th ed.). Prentice Hall.
Howard, C. (2005). The Policy Cycle: a Model of Post-Machiavellian Policy Making? The Australian Journal of Public Administration, September 2005.
Radin, B. (2000). Beyond Machiavelli : Policy Analysis Comes of Age. Georgetown University Press.
Rodney, P. (2009). The Policy Process Life Cycle. Educause r e v i e w March/April 2009. p 74 – 75.
Stone, D. (2008). Global Public Policy, Transnational Policy Communities and their Networks. Journal of Policy Sciences, 2008.