Nowadays, types of diabetes are classified into three forms. Type one (juvenile) diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which damaged pancreatic cells prevent the body from producing insulin or keeping glucose levels normal (Goyal & Jialal, 2020). The second type of diabetes occurs when the pancreas’ insulin-producing cells are unable to produce insulin in sufficient quantity, or the insulin is not absorbed. The third type of diabetes is gestational diabetes; it occurs during pregnancy (Rosenthal & Burchum, 2021). In this paper, I want to concentrate on the definition and treatment of type 2 diabetes.
The main difference in type 2 diabetes is the insensitivity of the body’s cells to the action of the hormone insulin and their insulin resistance. One of the drugs used in treating is beta-blockers, commonly used as part of antihypertensive therapy (Pavlou et al., 2018). Although β-blockers may increase glycemia, some of them induce coronary vasodilation and improve glucose sensitivity. Usually, these drugs are taken orally before meals with a small amount of liquid (Marketou et al., 2017). Considering dietary requirements, the patient needs to reduce the consumption of sugar and fast carbohydrates.
Short-term effects of type 2 diabetes include dry mouth, frequent urination, bulimia, blurred vision due to retinal vascular lesions, and numbness in the extremities (Sami et al., 2017). As Type 2 diabetes progresses, symptoms become more severe, and the above symptoms are joined by organ involvement. This leads to high blood pressure and abnormal heart rhythms, and the risk of heart attack and stroke increases significantly. In addition, patients suffer from the side effects of medication. For example, weight may increase sharply, or the functioning of the nervous system may deteriorate.
References
Goyal, R., & Jialal, I. (2020). Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. StatPearls Publishing.
Marketou, M., Gupta, Y., Jain, S. et al. (2017). Differential metabolic effects of beta-blockers: An updated systematic review of nebivolol. Curr Hypertens, 19(1), 22. Web.
Pavlou, D. I., Paschou, S. A., Anagnostis, P., Spartalis, M., Spartalis, E., Vryonidou, A., Tentolouris, N., & Siasos, G. (2018). Hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Targets and management. Maturitas, 112(1), 71-77. Web.
Rosenthal, L., D., & Burchum, J., R. (2021). Lehne’s pharmacotherapeutics for advanced practice nurses and physician assistants (2nd ed.). Elsevier.
Sami, W., Ansari, T., Butt, N., S., & Ab Hamid, M., R. (2017). Effect of diet on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A review. International Journal of Health Sciences, 11(2), 65-71.