Planning in an organization is very critical as it gives direction on what should be done and procedures to be followed. The CDC evaluation model is used in the obtaining of the program policies in healthcare and sickness arresting. The model possesses six steps which are based on feasibility, utility, accuracy, and propriety (CDC, 2021). These steps are involving stakeholders, outlining the program, concentrating on the evaluation perspective, collecting dependable confirmation, supporting conclusions, guaranteeing use, and sharing lessons (CDC, 2021). The Palm Island Indigenous population is the subject study in which the report shows the need for evaluation to help society and its strategy. Additionally, another objective is to raise the number of people who have received the barge of COVID-19 vaccines.
The CDC evaluation design utilizes the six steps to come up with better implementation and revision of the program strategy. The engagement of stakeholders is the first step where the Australian Government Department of Health and the Queensland Government are mainly involved. The framework gives a comprehensive tool in the vaccination and immunization program. The objectives and goals of the program are discussed in conjunction with its target groups and strategies.
The different stakeholders play unique roles to make the plan a success. The evaluator is responsible for overseeing the future and present outcomes. The evaluation includes the target population involving individuals receiving the vaccine to determine its efficiency. They should maintain their lifestyle and provide relevant feedback and report any issues related to COVID-19. The Queens Health department supports the vaccination and provides a disease-free community. Australia Immunization offers vaccination delivery services, the register monitors coverage, digital health maintains the record and the pharmacovigilance monitors adverse effects after the immunization process.
The description of the program indicates the challenges faced by the target population during the alarming pandemic. The group was underestimated in receiving medical attention during the corona period hence facing high health risks. The aged and people with pre-existing conditions like diabetes, pressure, and obesity were the most affected. A lifestyle that is diverse between the indigenous people and Australians posed a difference in the risk factors faced. False beliefs, lack of knowledge, and unhealthy lifestyles were the most contributing factors.
Links to Current Policies and Framework
The Queensland Government and the Australian Government Department of Health have a framework for the vaccination of COVID-19 for the indigenous population in Queensland.it caters to the population with varying ages as from 12,18, and 60 with the Astra Zeneca and Pfizer vaccines (Melbourne Vaccine Education Centre, 2021). The Australian Government Department of Health has two immunization and vaccination for its people. The table below shows the current policies and frameworks for the program.
Table1: Current Policies and Frameworks
Focus the Evaluation Design and Gathering and Analyzing Evidence
An impact evaluation framework is composed of three elements which include the available resources and constraints, the nature of what is being evaluated, and the nature of evaluation itself. Resources include time, staff, money, volunteers, and materials. Illiteracy can impact people’s lives negatively where most may be unaware of simple practices like keeping social distance. Intermediate outcomes such as changes in policies and behavior also have a great impact. Different evaluation designs and methods used include single group (posttest only), single group (pre and posttest), nonequivalent control (pre and post), and single group (time series).
Single group (posttest) involves taking only one measurement at the end of an intervention and its only targets the participants. A single group (pre and post) is where two measurements are taken one before the intervention and another one after (Adeoye et al., 2020). This design is suitable as it gives room for change to be observed appropriately. In a non-equivalent group, two tests are done before and after for two groups (Chesney et al., 2020). Single group time series involves multiple measures over some time only for the participants. The natural changes are being observed and the external influences. Limitations to the evaluation differ depending on the nature and size of the population. The generalization of data can sometimes give false implications of the trends involved. Age difference, inadequate timing, difficulty in locating documents, and writing reports.
Table 2: Threats to Internal Validity
Table 3: Threats to External Validity
Sampling Plans
Sampling plans provide a basis on which research is to be conducted. It has five steps that must be followed beginning with the identifying of the parameters to be measured, range of possible values, and needed resolutions (Wu et al., 2018). A sampling scheme should be designed to determine how and when the data will be collected. Selection of the sample sizes by grouping them if possible by considering similarities and differences. Design of data storage formats if in tables, graphs, or chat formats and finally assigning roles and responsibilities to each stakeholder. The participants were recruited using methods targeting the right audience, screening, incentivizing, and sustaining.
Sampling Methods
Sampling methods like simple random, systematic, and stratified, and cluster were embraced. Simple random sampling provides an equal chance for every member of a population. Tools like random number generators and techniques entirely based on chance are applied. Systematic sampling has similar characteristics to simple but it’s easier to conduct (Li et al., 2018). Every individual involved in the exercise is listed with a number but they are chosen randomly. Stratified sampling involves small subdivisions of populations into groups and conclusions are drawn (Varshney et al., 2017). Cluster sampling also involves the division of the populations but each group has similar characteristics.
Table 4: Developing an Evaluation Plan
Developing an evaluation plan involves the need to achieve the desired objectives. The various methods applied include interviews, observation, single group tests, using test kits and questionnaires (Quek et al., 2017). Personal interviews cover the interrogation on how people been affected by the virus have been coping with the changing lifestyle and how their relationships have changed (Callwood et al., 2018). Observations were made on the general behavior of people, social interaction, and their day-to-day activities. COVID-19 test kits are also used to give quick and accurate tests for treatment and prevention of the spread. The duration of doing the research varies from weekly, monthly, and even daily for observations.
Tools used in data collection were conducting questionnaires and interviews. The questionnaire method is very reliable and cheap to use. It involves making a photocopy of papers consisting of the questions and administering them to the target group. It can be used to collect data from a large audience over a short period (Cumpston et al., 2019). Both open and closed questions can be used to provide information that can be converted easily into quantitative data (de Block & Vis, 2018). The questions are standardized and can be suitable for all ages as they are easy to respond to. An estimate of 2000 questionnaires can be filled in a day targeting different groups in various locations like churches, schools, and hospitals.
The interview method involves one-to-one interaction where questions are asked and answers were given. It is suitable for obtaining data from a small group of people. It’s very private since the information given is kept confidential (Falissard, 2021). Reliability is seen where similar groups are kept together and the others isolated and them comparison of data is made. An estimate of 500 participants can be interviewed during a day making it very reliable. It is highly flexible and can investigate different issues in a period.
The method is suitable for the target population since they have different preferences. Patients with pre-existing conditions also need privacy for to reveal their statuses (Hampton and Lenhart, 2019). Both quantitative and qualitative measures were taken during the research. Qualitative measurements tend to have a deeper understanding of why something happens (Alam, 2020). Quantitative measures involve data that can be put in numbers. The mortality rate among sick adults was very high due to emaciated immunity (Lederer et al., 2018). Conducting it privately without the knowledge of the participants showed deviation as to when conducted publicly (Kizlari & Fouseki, 2021). People tend to vary their behavior and they can pretend in some cases or give false implications.
Table 5: Evaluation Plan for the Process Evaluation
The various question asked are important in determining the components of the program. Since most people prefer privacy, administering personal questionnaires can give them the confidence to give out relevant information (Nguyen et al., 2020). Making a general observation on how persons conduct themselves in society can give a general view of the new infection. Some responses need to be noted immediately as they occur. Correspondingly, some cases involve the synthesis of raw data to come up with better assumptions.
Table 6: Justifying Conclusions
Accuracy calls upon the nature of the problems and behaviors to be observed. Distinct variables are preferred since they give researchers easy time. Awareness should be made on why such an activity is taking place, its importance, and its relevance in the general wellbeing of all the individuals (Pennycook et al., 2020). Honesty value should be emphasized since wrong data can lead to delicate decisions in the final state. The culture of a community is sensitive and must be respected (Mariani et al., 2018). One must learn to be compatible with other cultures despite of their uniqueness. Ethical issues must be adhered to by all and equal treatment of persons must be adopted Feasibility issues refer to the inadequate resources, time, and background knowledge on how to conduct the research. To accomplish the tasks in demand, enough resources must be available and be easy to access (Southwood, 2018). Tools used in data collection must be available and valid to minimize on errors. Having prior information in theoretical form enables its application easily.
Table 7: Use and Share of Lessons Learnt
To ensure that the information gathered is effectively used and analyzed, all the stakeholders must be involved. Monitoring on the use of data by creating online portals for patients to interact with doctors. They can get appropriate guidance on what to do when faced with any emergencies and possible first aids. Members of the public can go for the vaccines to protect themselves from exposure.
Timeline
The procedure shown above was relevant in providing a guideline on the evaluation. The first thing was to select a research area (Palm Island Indigenous Population). Research questions gave direction on what to identify and the unique features. methodologies applied were conducting interviews and conducting of questionnaires. Common open and closed questions were asked to determine the wave nature of the virus (Yassouridis et al., 2018). Various groups of participants included people of all ages with their diversity. Data analysis was done using regression mean to determine variance. after all this was done, the first, second, and final drafts were written to sum up the evaluation.
In conclusion, the CDC framework must follow all the six steps for it to be complete. The plan to vaccinate the Palm Island Indigenous Population followed the procedure as it was the most appropriate. The engagement of stakeholders solved the gap of low income and other economic factors hindering them from receiving better services. Majorly, the government of Australians response was critical. Describing the plan by considering possible risk factors and poor communication created a strong foundation and path to be followed. Goals and objectives set created better pathways to the achievement. Educating the target group and creating governing policies such as wearing masks and keeping social distance.
Evaluation designs and methods used include single group (posttest only), single group (pre and posttest), non-equivalent control (pre and post), and single group (time series). They were able to show the trends of data and variations whenever possible. Threats to both internal and external validity were also examined deeply. Program components like knowledge, attitude, behavior, self-efficacy, and health status, social and environmental support. Ensuring use and share of lessons learned by recalling the stakeholders involved and looking for ways to ensure the finding are used.
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