Introduction
The papers will discuss various effects of pollution on birthrates in California and other parts of the world. The paper will also discuss the amounts carbon which is considered dangerous to fetus and their mothers. Some researches have been done in California and it is shocking to note how air pollutants increase in the atmosphere is so dangerous (Haas, 2007). Also air pollutants affect the pulmonary artery, valve anomalies and aortic artery. The abnormalities caused by excess carbon in the atmosphere also include cleft lip, ozone, and heart defects. The paper will also discuss the professional literature used in various research units.
There were various methods used to come up with the various suggestions of this paper. Statistical methods were used; these methods used estimates by logic regression and a hierarchical regression. There was the use of polymus logistic regression, semi Bayesian estimation whereby a prior variance was set at 0.5.
There were chromosomal defects which were characterized by; isolated cleft lip and cleft palace in males (Diepgen, 2006).In many cases, some of the results which were found were not consistent. Medical response results of a research carried out by (Roohi, Kula & Mehta, 2001) in the second month of carbon monoxide exposure to ventricular septal were as follows:
- In the first quartile, odds ratio
- Second quartile carbon monoxide,1.62 %
- third quartile carbon monoxide, 2.09%,
- Fourth quartile carbon monoxide, 2.09%.
It was found out that a clear dose of carbon and ozone had direct effect on response pattern of aortic septum, valve and ventricular septal. (Haas, 2007).
The participants of this study were the populace of the area of study, researchers, California Birth Defects Monitoring Program staff and pregnant ladies who were being examined (Diepgen, 2006).
Study quality
In the research, there were various cases which tried to justify the negative impact of carbon in the atmosphere to the unborn babies. The study was based on data collected and tests done on pregnant women in various stages of their pregnancy. During the first three to eight weeks of the pregnancy, the levels of air pollutants in the unborn babies were as follows; ozone-2.5%, nitrogen dioxide-2.1%, sulphur dioxide-1.9%, carbon monoxide-3.2% per week. However, in some tests the carbon effect was not significant thus implying that this study was not full proof (Haas, 2007). This study design was highly positive in regards to the research question. This is because the populace was involved and the results were well documented thus justifying the results. Another justification of this study was the use of proper methods of carrying out the study; which were articulate and precise.
According to Haas (2007), “the cases were examined in an appropriate manner which was acceptable to all; this was because the cases were well defined.” The cases were representative because they were done on a precise location which was California; where the level of air population was high.
This study was biased since it only took into account of machines only, which could be defective thus giving a negative result in the end of the study. This study was not credible and more research may be required in order to use it in practice. In addition, the time frame used in this study was not adequate; much time was needed for further studies so as to make it credible (Haas, 2007). Estimates used were based on individual pregnant lady exposure to carbon during a specified gestation period and it depended on air monitoring-station that was close to a maternal-residence during delivery time and this was a possible cause of mis-classification. Hass (2007) argued that “the actual particulate stations were placed far away from the residences which could have probably provided the little accuracy in surrogate measures for individual-exposure”. More misclassification may have occurred if the mothers spent time during their pregnancy outside the area of monitoring. It is of importance to note that the number of cases cited here were not enough; there was need to use more cases in order to make the study more credible. The exposure was measured but not accurately thus, the level of bias was high. In addition there was a difference between out door and in door pollutant levels and thus personal exposures depended on physical activities, time spent at home and residential air exchange rates and therefore leading to another misclassification (Haas, 2007).
Results
The results indicated that active smoking was the most likely cause of air pollution which adversely affected fetal development. The results suggested that fetal heart phenotypes were susceptible to the effects of two pollutants which were ozone and monoxide. The study also revealed that the ozone was a reactive molecule and a strong oxidizing agent that generated superoxides, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals which later contributed to oxidative stress (Roohi, Kula & Mehta, 2001).
The methods used to come up with these results were of significance because they took into consideration all aspects of pollution and engaged them in experimental work. The results of this study came from a vast area of research which represented the population; the people who declined to participate in this noble study were surpassed by those who participated therefore the effect was minimal. It would be an act of futility for the researchers not consider the important variables of the study and that was why it was indeed taken into consideration (Haas, 2007).
Conclusion
With such effects, the study made it impossible not to believe in the results. This was a case study of one region in the world and these results signify that the whole world is facing the same predicament; that is why these results will help every one including people in the local level. The study was just guidance and the results would be used to guide the locals on ways to curb the menace and to treat the affected people (Roohi, Kula & Mehta, 2001). The results were credible because they could fit in any other available evidence.
In this paper various effects of air pollutants in the atmosphere have been discussed and their solutions too. This research has enhanced the epidemiological practice since it has provided more information on this global phenomenon. There is confidence in this paper since it has provided an opportunity to know about the surrounding environment and also it has taken into consideration all the effects of excess carbon in the air by using modern research technology and analysis. It is important to note that without curbing this menace, the world will be extinct. This is so because there will be no young generation since the babies being born will not live to old age due to the effects of air pollution.
Reference list
Diepgen, T. L. (2006). Labeling and filtering of medical information on the Internet. California: Oxford University Press.
Haas, J. D. (2007). Health Grades Quality Study: Patient Safety in American Hospitals. New York: Oxford University Press.
Roohi. F, Kula. R. W. & Mehta, N. (2001). “Twenty-nine years after carbon monoxide intoxication”. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. California: Cambridge Press.103 (2): 92–95.