Introduction
The well being of an individual is very critical to performance and several meaning of life to that particular individual. Several researchers have studied aspects like obedience, intervention of bystander, behavior and altruism as being the factors that affect the way people perceive events and hence their happiness.
Another finding is that group membership and biases greatly influences people’s sensitivity. For instance two people could give different accounts of the same game they saw. This is what has inspired studies on the non-conscious factors that affect the way a person is motivated.
Also critical to this subject is the way people perceive stereotypes and prejudice. Even through all these aspects are important, this paper looks at social psychological aspects. To elucidate the argument of these social psychological elements being profound influencers of happiness, five sets of conclusions in social psychology have will be analyzed. Even though they may seem very correct, there is a reason to believe that they are non-obvious. These five sets of thoughts are;
- Hedonic adaptation to events both positive and negative
- Social relationships are essential for adequate human functioning
- Power and authority are great influencers of thought and behavior
- Memory is critical in determining future responses.
- Culture and ethnicity can also affect the way happiness is attained
Hedonic Adaptation
Hedonic treadmill states good things only make people happy temporarily while the bad happenings leave long-term impact of unhappiness. In the long run, people get preset a neutral stance at hedonic neutrality and any efforts to gain happiness by having a good life situation are only effective for a short time. In the same cause, a slave suffering from a chronic disease and staying alone at a hovel near the master’s mansion will be unhappy than the rich master (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 163).
It seems that people normally adopt as time goes by, but not totally regain their initial position. For example, widows or people losing their jobs experienced low level of satisfaction in life even after many years after the experience. This means they never adapted completely to their previous positions (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 163). Even though people adapt to every event or circumstances, they also adapt to the simple rewards and drawbacks that they encounter in their daily lives.
Considering that the adaptation is not complete, some people going through tough condition may seem happier than others. For instance, people living in the Sahara desert in mud walled houses with not electricity were as happy as other people in developed towns (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 164).
I agree with these thoughts because they offer fundamental insights on what makes people feel satisfied with their lives. However, sometimes the good and bad things may lose their power of influencing how people act. New involvements in new activities, establishing new relationships and setting objectives can continuously bring happiness. In that sense, happiness is a continuous process not a position hence we ought to gain and depend on circumstances that can bring permanent happiness.
Social Relationships and Happiness
Healthy relationships strongly correlate with positive emotions and therefore people who are relating well with others tend to be very happy. On the other hand, lack of social support and good relationships have had devastating consequences implying that people usually have a deep need for close relationships (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 163). A study on divorcees showed that many of them indicated significant reduction of their happiness after the divorce meaning that relationships were closely linked to wellbeing of individuals.
I agree with these findings because in real life, when an individual is having a good relationship with family members and friends, they are likely to be happier. People who have good socializing skills and have healthy relationships with their friends and other people they interact with daily are seen to be happier (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 164). However, some individuals focus on seeking wealth as they pursue happiness but people can be more important that materials belongings and that money cannot value social relationship.
Power and Well-being
Having good relationships is critical for wellbeing of an individual, but they can be made miserable by dictatorial bosses, obnoxious spouses and spiteful buddies. It can be very difficult to attain higher levels of happiness with such relationships (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 164).
Nonetheless, negative happenings have an impact on welfare of an individual that the positive events. Relationships are good for happiness when they have predominance of positive communications to achieve this function. People react strongly to negative events than to positive ones. Taking a marriage setting for instance, when a couple has equal number of optimistic and depressing interactions, the marriage will be negatively impacted (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 164).
When one citizen another person, then he/she should work on ensuring that the criticism has positive interaction. Research also show that when interacting with friends or family, complimenting them, assisting them with tasks, expression of affection and socializing with positive conversations can keep them in comfortable zone (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 164). Occasionally, it’s good to bring criticism about, to advice and correct friends and colleagues since bad behavior has to be changed.
Memory
Memories do not reproduce exactly the original experience that an individual went through. Rather, they form transformations of these encounters but reconstructed based on present motivations and convictions and several other factors. The impact of this has had a great outcome in criminology and justice administration because when eye witnesses have to testify, their testimony is considered less reliable than initially thought.
It has been hypothesized that people tend to reconstruct their memory in a manner that would fit their inherent theories or existing thoughts. For example, women usually report experiencing more pain during menses through daily reports indicated otherwise. Recently, studies have shown that people tend to degrade their past experiences so that they can perceive their current position as having improved.
Memories of expressive encounters are not inert, but rather dynamic. For instance, a girl can recall her first kiss as happy experience and not fearful after sometime. On the other hand people can experience happiness in different ways; 1. When they go through hard times successfully and 2, when get positive results after bad experiences and 3, downplaying the positivity of previous nice experiences to the present happenings.
Culture and Happiness
When people live in difference setting like in industrialized setting, their thinking is different as well as their behavior and feelings. Cultural differences influence perception of happiness and what results in happiness (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 164).
It found that in eastern Asia, people find happiness in taking disciplined and significant consideration of themselves. Feelings like worry and pride vary across different cultures. Even though pride vary with positive emotions in the US, its associated with negative impact in other areas (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 164).
It’s evident that whatever amounts to happiness is not necessarily identical across the globe. Some feelings can be assessed in one culture but not in another different culture. Moreover, though there are unquestionably universals in many cultures of what happiness is, there are also similarities of contentment that are only specific to certain cultures (Diener & Oishi, 2005, P. 165).
Summary and Conclusion
Diener, Oishi and Lucas in their studies reveal that the well-being of people included mainly aspects of peace, contentment and life satisfaction. Individual wellbeing can be influenced by individuality disposition like extravert, self-esteem and neurotic elements.
Though personality is a good factor of explaining significant variation in subjective wellbeing, Life conditions also affect the permanent levels. Cultural variables explain the variations in the heights of subjective wellbeing and see to be as a result of objective factors like wealth to the beliefs that direct adequate feelings and reveal how significant subjective well-being is regarded (Diener et al, 2003, p. 404).
The authors Diener, Oishi and Lucas reviewed papers on cross-cultural studies on happiness and drew some important cultural variations in the different meanings of happiness by different culture, the motivation of happiness and well-being predictors (Uchida, 2004, p. 224).
Specifically, in the US cultural context of happiness is based on what an individual accomplishes and maximum achievement is the greatest height of happiness. In East Asia on the other hand, happiness comes from connectedness with other people (Uchida, 2004, p. 224).
Lu and Gilmour found that there were discrete and varied characteristics of the perception of happiness were so prevalent in America and Asia (Lu & Gilmour 2004, p. 271). For Asians, wellbeing was founded on task responsibility and dialectical balance while the Europeans and Americans base their well-being on personal success.
Reference List
Diener, E & Oishi, S (2005). The Non-obvious Social Psychology of Happiness, Psychological Inquiry, Vol. 16, No. 4, 162–167
Diener, E., Oishi, S., &Lucas, R. E. (2003). Culture, Personality, and Well-Being. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403–425
Lu, L & Gilmour, R. (2004). Culture and Conceptions of Happiness: Individual Oriented And Social Oriented, Journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, Pp. 269-291
Uchida, Y., Norasakkunkit, V & Kitayama, S. (2004).Cultural constructions of happiness: theory and empirical evidence, journal of Happiness Studies, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp 223-239