Anxiety and Depression Disorders Term Paper

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The term depression disorders refer to a number of psychological disorders characterized by such symptoms of low mood and low self-esteem. Researchers admit every case of depression disorder is created and influenced by vicious factors including personal, social, and economic changes. The main depression disorder is the most popular type of depression characterized by helplessness and low mood. Under such conditions, an individual may feel lonely and abandoned, a person can experience gander over being abandoned, and drives his people away. Anxiety is considered as a response to conditions where coping abilities are overwhelmed influenced by feelings of fear and danger. The individual utilizes last-ditch, emergency trying to cope with fear and terror which are automatic and difficult to control (Hurt, 2007). These reactions force an individual to search for safety and help. If a person cannot find or see the possible way out, it can lead to such reactions as freezing or aggressive behavior. Anxiety is described as a reaction towards danger and an organism’s total commitment to escape the danger or unpleasant situation. It is possible to imagine a scenario where such a response would be adaptive: If primitive man or woman chanced upon a watering hole frequented by a group of panthers, a single, close encounter with one of the beasts could lead to a panic episode facilitating quick escape and future avoidance of the watering hole. Anxiety is distinguished from limited symptom episodes by intensity and number of symptoms (Meyer, 2005).

Depression is usually longer in duration and/or higher in intensity than partial panic. Sudden onset and rapid peak differentiate panic from generalized anxiety, and lack of triggers differentiates panic from phobic anxiety. In the biological model, panic is conceptualized as resulting from the excessive firing of the central nervous the system, which regulates the biobehavioral expression of fear and its associated somatic symptoms. Anxiety attacks are viewed as analogous to a seizure disorder in which the threshold for neuronal firing is abnormally lowered. Noradrenergic, adrenergic, benzodiazepine, serotonin, and adenosine receptors have been postulated to have a role in panicogenesis (Wheeler et al 2005). Neurotransmitter abnormalities may reflect defects in synthesis, release, degradation, or receptor function. These abnormalities may be due to changes in intracellular processes, membrane physiology, or extracellular microenvironment (e.g., ionic gradient, hormonal constitution). The cognitive-behavioral model is different from the biological model in that anxiety and depression are seen as a manifestation of intense emotional distress and/or fear. Depression occurs in all anxiety disorders and may or may not warrant a separate diagnostic category. The states of fear, anxiety, and panic are triggered in reaction to the appraisal of danger. Appraisal of danger is a subjective matter which involves simultaneous processing of threat and safety information. In other words, an identified danger situation can be conceptualized as the net result of appraisal of the degree of external threat, and effectiveness of protective mechanisms. In normal individuals, the presence of a severe external threat in an unsafe setting can trigger panic. A fire (serious threat) in a crowded theater (an unsafe setting) is an example (Mowbray et al 2006). Normal individuals may also experience occasional anxiety in the absence of external threats. Anxiety disorder patients regularly have low moods in the absence of personal or social distress. The cognitive model holds that these patients have abnormal cognitive processes which lead them to perceive threats in the absence of a threatening situation. Research efforts are directed at trying to identify which cognitive processes are involved.

References

  1. Hurt, N. (2007). Disciplining through Depression: An Analysis of Contemporary Discourse on Women and Depression Women’s Studies in Communication, 30 (1), 43.
  2. Meyer, CH. (2005). Psychiatric disorders among at-risk consumers of alcohol. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 66 (1), 55.
  3. Mowbray, C.T. et al. (2006). Psychosocial Outcomes of Adult Children of Mothers With Depression and Bipolar Disorder. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 14 (2), 45.
  4. Wheeler, K. et al (2005). Exploring alexithymia, depression, and binge eating in self-reported eating disorders in women. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 41 (1), 54.
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IvyPanda. (2021, October 11). Anxiety and Depression Disorders. https://ivypanda.com/essays/anxiety-and-depression-disorders/

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IvyPanda. (2021) 'Anxiety and Depression Disorders'. 11 October.

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IvyPanda. 2021. "Anxiety and Depression Disorders." October 11, 2021. https://ivypanda.com/essays/anxiety-and-depression-disorders/.

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