Genetics and Neurotransmitters
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a genetic condition passed from parent to child through inherited genes. The fathers who had attention deficit hyperactivity during their youth have children affected by this disease (Liu et al., 2021). Mothers with identical twins share this ADHD trait since they share common characteristics. Patients with this condition seem to be restless and have difficulties in concentration. The symptoms are mostly noticed at an early age and may develop when the circumstances of a child change, for instance, when they begin going to school. Norepinephrine and dopamine are two neurotransmitters that play a role in ADHD (Xiong et al., 2021).Since dopamine plays a role in focusing and rewarding the brain after completing specific tasks, lower levels indicate a deficiency.
Neuroanatomical Changes and Therapy
ADHD disorder affects the brain in various ways by altering its normal functioning.
The condition affects the motivational functioning and abnormal cognitive and behavioural components of the brain. The regulation of the brain cell connections, emotions and moods are affected. Critical communications between different brain areas through the nerve impulses are also hindered. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex contributed to a lack of alertness and shortened attention in the brain’s short-term memory. Behaviour therapy is the most suitable for controlling ADHD disorder. It is crucial since it equips patients with tools to monitor their behaviours and adapt to change.
Current Theories of Causation and Cultural factors
A dynamic developmental theory indicates that the interplay between the environment and individuals influences behaviour. Genetic factors linked to the neurotransmitter dopamine may play a critical role in developing ADHD (Chuang et al., 2022). Some cultural myths depict that if a person with ADHD is hyperactive and impulsive during childhood, they are likely to continue that way into adulthood. The culture that trains children on the importance of socializing through speech has more minor victims.
References
Chuang, Y., Wang, C., Huang, W., Wang, L., Kuo, H., Chen, Y., & Huang, Y. (2022). Two meta-analyses of the association between atopic diseases and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder core symptoms.Scientific Reports, 12(1). Web.
Liu, Y., Chang, X., Qu, H., Tian, L., Glessner, J., & Qu, J. et al. (2021). Rare recurrent variants in noncoding regions impact attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Gene networks in African American and European American ancestry children.Genes, 12(2), 310. Web.
Xiong, Z., Yan, J., & Shi, S. (2021). Val158Met polymorphisms of COMT gene and serum concentrations of catecholaminergic neurotransmitters of ADHD in Chinese children and adolescents.Medicine, 100(49), e27867. Web.